xterm - Emulatore di Terminale del Sistema X Window¶

xterm è l'emulatore di terminale standard per il Sistema X Window, fungendo da base per molte moderne applicazioni terminali. Originariamente sviluppato nel 1984, xterm rimane uno degli emulatori di terminale più utilizzati e ricchi di funzionalità nei sistemi Unix-like. Offre estese opzioni di personalizzazione, supporto Unicode e serve come implementazione di riferimento per gli standard di emulazione terminale.

Installazione¶

Linux (Debian/Ubuntu)¶

sudo apt update
sudo apt install xterm

Linux (Red Hat/CentOS/Fedora)¶

sudo dnf install xterm
# or on older systems:
sudo yum install xterm

Linux (Arch)¶

sudo pacman -S xterm

macOS (con X11)¶

# Install XQuartz first, then:
brew install xterm

FreeBSD¶

pkg install xterm

Utilizzo Base¶

Avvio di xterm¶

# Basic xterm window
xterm

# Start with specific title
xterm -title "My Terminal"

# Start with specific geometry
xterm -geometry 80x24+100+100

# Start with specific font
xterm -fn "fixed"

# Start in fullscreen
xterm -fullscreen

Opzioni della Riga di Comando¶

# Display options
xterm -display :0.0
xterm -geometry 132x43
xterm -iconic
xterm -maximized

# Font options
xterm -fn "9x15"
xterm -fa "Monospace:size=12"
xterm -fs 14

# Color options
xterm -fg white -bg black
xterm -rv  # Reverse video
xterm -cm  # Color mode

# Scrolling options
xterm -sb  # Enable scrollbar
xterm -sl 1000  # Set scrollback lines
xterm -si  # Scroll on input
xterm -sk  # Scroll on key press

# Logging options
xterm -l  # Enable logging
xterm -lf logfile.txt  # Log to specific file

Scorciatoie da Tastiera¶

Selezione Testo e Clipboard¶

# Text selection
Left Click + Drag          # Select text
Double Click               # Select word
Triple Click               # Select line
Shift + Left Click         # Extend selection

# Clipboard operations
Ctrl + Shift + C           # Copy (modern xterm)
Ctrl + Shift + V           # Paste (modern xterm)
Middle Click               # Paste selection (traditional)
Shift + Insert             # Paste clipboard

# Traditional X11 clipboard
Select text                # Automatically copies to primary selection
Middle Click               # Paste primary selection

Controllo Finestra e Font¶

# Font size control
Ctrl + Right Click         # Font menu
Ctrl + Plus                # Increase font size
Ctrl + Minus               # Decrease font size
Ctrl + 0                   # Reset font size

# Window operations
Alt + F4                   # Close window
Alt + F10                  # Maximize window
Alt + F9                   # Minimize window
Alt + F5                   # Restore window

Scorrimento¶

# Scrollback navigation
Shift + Page Up            # Scroll up one page
Shift + Page Down          # Scroll down one page
Shift + Home               # Scroll to top
Shift + End                # Scroll to bottom
Shift + Up Arrow           # Scroll up one line
Shift + Down Arrow         # Scroll down one line

Controllo Terminale¶

# Terminal reset and clear
Ctrl + L                   # Clear screen
reset                      # Reset terminal state
clear                      # Clear screen content

# Process control
Ctrl + C                   # Interrupt (SIGINT)
Ctrl + Z                   # Suspend (SIGTSTP)
Ctrl + D                   # EOF/Exit
Ctrl + \                   # Quit (SIGQUIT)

Operazioni con il Mouse¶

# Main menu (Ctrl + Left Click)
- New Window
- Print Window
- Redraw Window
- Send Signal
- Quit

# VT Options menu (Ctrl + Middle Click)
- Enable/Disable Scrollbar
- Enable/Disable Jump Scroll
- Enable/Disable Reverse Video
- Enable/Disable Auto Wraparound
- Enable/Disable Reverse Wraparound
- Enable/Disable Auto Linefeed
- Enable/Disable Application Cursor Keys
- Enable/Disable Application Keypad
- Scroll to Bottom on Output
- Scroll to Bottom on Key
- Allow 80/132 Column Switching
- Keep Selection
- Select to Clipboard

# VT Fonts menu (Ctrl + Right Click)
- Default Font
- Tiny Font
- Small Font
- Medium Font
- Large Font
- Huge Font
- Escape Sequence Font
- Selection Font

Modalità di Selezione¶

# Selection types
Single Click               # Position cursor
Double Click               # Select word
Triple Click               # Select line
Quadruple Click            # Select all

# Extended selection
Shift + Click              # Extend selection
Ctrl + Click               # Rectangular selection
Alt + Click                # Line selection mode

Configurazione¶

Configurazione da Riga di Comando¶

# Resource file options
xterm -xrm "XTerm*background: black"
xterm -xrm "XTerm*foreground: white"
xterm -xrm "XTerm*font: 9x15"
xterm -xrm "XTerm*scrollBar: true"

# Multiple resources
xterm -xrm "XTerm*background: black" \
      -xrm "XTerm*foreground: green" \
      -xrm "XTerm*font: fixed"

Configurazione X Resources (~/.Xresources)¶

! Basic appearance
XTerm*background: black
XTerm*foreground: white
XTerm*cursorColor: yellow
XTerm*pointerColor: red
XTerm*borderColor: blue

! Font configuration
XTerm*font: -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--14-130-75-75-c-70-iso8859-1
XTerm*boldFont: -misc-fixed-bold-r-normal--14-130-75-75-c-70-iso8859-1
XTerm*faceName: Liberation Mono:size=12:antialias=false
XTerm*faceSize: 12

! Scrolling
XTerm*scrollBar: true
XTerm*scrollbar.width: 8
XTerm*rightScrollBar: true
XTerm*saveLines: 10000
XTerm*scrollTtyOutput: false
XTerm*scrollKey: true

! Bell configuration
XTerm*visualBell: true
XTerm*bellIsUrgent: true

! Selection and clipboard
XTerm*highlightSelection: true
XTerm*trimSelection: true
XTerm*cutNewline: false
XTerm*cutToBeginningOfLine: false
XTerm*charClass: 33:48,35:48,37:48,43:48,45-47:48,64:48,95:48,126:48

! Terminal behavior
XTerm*loginShell: true
XTerm*jumpScroll: true
XTerm*multiScroll: true
XTerm*toolBar: false
XTerm*titeInhibit: false

! Color scheme (Solarized Dark example)
XTerm*color0: #073642
XTerm*color1: #dc322f
XTerm*color2: #859900
XTerm*color3: #b58900
XTerm*color4: #268bd2
XTerm*color5: #d33682
XTerm*color6: #2aa198
XTerm*color7: #eee8d5
XTerm*color8: #002b36
XTerm*color9: #cb4b16
XTerm*color10: #586e75
XTerm*color11: #657b83
XTerm*color12: #839496
XTerm*color13: #6c71c4
XTerm*color14: #93a1a1
XTerm*color15: #fdf6e3

Applicare X Resources¶

# Load resources
xrdb -merge ~/.Xresources

# Load and replace all resources
xrdb -load ~/.Xresources

# View current resources
xrdb -query

# Remove all resources
xrdb -remove

Funzionalità Avanzate¶

Unicode e Internazionalizzazione¶

# UTF-8 support
xterm -u8

# Locale-specific startup
LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8 xterm

# Font configuration for Unicode
XTerm*utf8: 1
XTerm*locale: true
XTerm*utf8Title: true
XTerm*fontMenu*fontdefault*Label: Default
XTerm*faceName: DejaVu Sans Mono:size=11
XTerm*faceNameDoublesize: WenQuanYi Zen Hei Mono:size=11

Modalità di Emulazione Terminale¶

# VT100 mode
xterm -tn vt100

# VT220 mode
xterm -tn vt220

# Linux console mode
xterm -tn linux

# Set terminal type
export TERM=xterm-256color

Registrazione e Registrazione Sessione¶

Would you like me to continue with the remaining sections?```bash

Enable logging¶

xterm -l -lf ~/xterm.log

Logging with timestamp¶

xterm -l -lf ~/xterm-$(date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S).log

Session recording with script¶

script -f ~/session.log

Then start xterm within the script session¶

### Funzionalità di Sicurezzabash

Disable dangerous features¶

XTerm*allowSendEvents: false XTerm*allowWindowOps: false XTerm*allowTitleOps: false XTerm*allowFontOps: false

Secure keyboard input¶

XTerm*secureKeyboard: true

XTerm*omitTranslation: popup-menu ## Esempi di Personalizzazionebash

Solarized Light¶

XTerm*background: #fdf6e3 XTerm*foreground: #657b83 XTerm*fadeColor: #fdf6e3 XTerm*cursorColor: #586e75 XTerm*pointerColorBackground: #93a1a1 XTerm*pointerColorForeground: #586e75

Monokai¶

XTerm*background: #272822 XTerm*foreground: #f8f8f2 XTerm*cursorColor: #f8f8f0 XTerm*color0: #272822 XTerm*color1: #f92672 XTerm*color2: #a6e22e XTerm*color3: #f4bf75 XTerm*color4: #66d9ef XTerm*color5: #ae81ff XTerm*color6: #a1efe4 XTerm*color7: #f8f8f2

Gruvbox Dark¶

XTerm*background: #282828 XTerm*foreground: #ebdbb2 XTerm*color0: #282828 XTerm*color1: #cc241d XTerm*color2: #98971a XTerm*color3: #d79921 XTerm*color4: #458588 XTerm*color5: #b16286 XTerm*color6: #689d6a XTerm*color7: #a89984 ### Schemi di Coloribash

Bitmap fonts¶

XTerm*font: -misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-120-75-75-c-60-iso8859-1 XTerm*boldFont: -misc-fixed-bold-r-semicondensed--13-120-75-75-c-60-iso8859-1

TrueType fonts¶

XTerm*faceName: Inconsolata:size=12 XTerm*faceSize: 12 XTerm*renderFont: true

Multiple font sizes¶

XTerm*faceSize1: 8 XTerm*faceSize2: 10 XTerm*faceSize3: 12 XTerm*faceSize4: 14 XTerm*faceSize5: 16 XTerm*faceSize6: 18 ### Configurazioni dei Fontbash

Window class and name¶

XTerm*iconName: Terminal XTerm*title: xterm XTerm*geometry: 80x24+0+0

Window manager hints¶

XTerm*allowWindowOps: true XTerm*disallowedWindowOps: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,13,18,19

Session management¶

XTerm*sessionMgt: true ### Integrazione con Window Managerbash

Font problems¶

xlsfonts|grep fixed # List available fonts xterm -fn fixed # Use basic fixed font fc-list : family|grep Mono # List monospace fonts

Color issues¶

echo $TERM # Check terminal type tput colors # Check color support xterm -tn xterm-256color # Force 256 color mode

Clipboard problems¶

xclip -version # Check if xclip is installed xsel --version # Check if xsel is installed echo $DISPLAY # Verify X11 display

Locale issues¶

locale # Check current locale xterm -u8 # Enable UTF-8 mode export LANG=en_US.UTF-8 # Set UTF-8 locale ## Risoluzione dei Problemibash

Disable unnecessary features¶

XTerm*jumpScroll: true XTerm*multiScroll: true XTerm*fastScroll: true

Reduce resource usage¶

XTerm*saveLines: 1000 # Limit scrollback XTerm*visualBell: false # Disable visual bell XTerm*toolBar: false # Disable toolbar

Font rendering optimization¶

XTerm*renderFont: true XTerm*antialias: true XTerm*faceSize: 11 ### Problemi Comunibash

Debug mode¶

xterm -debug 1

Verbose output¶

xterm -verbose

Check resources¶

xrdb -query|grep -i xterm

Test configuration¶

xterm -xrm "XTerm*background: red" -geometry 40x10 ### Ottimizzazione delle Prestazionibash

With tmux¶

xterm -e tmux

With screen¶

xterm -e screen

With specific session¶

xterm -e "tmux attach-session -t main" ### Debugbash

Specific shell¶

xterm -e bash xterm -e zsh xterm -e fish

xterm -ls

Execute command and exit¶

xterm -e "ls -la; read" ## Integrazione con Altri Strumentibash

!/bin/bash¶

Launch multiple xterm windows¶

xterm -geometry 80x24+0+0 -title "Main" & xterm -geometry 80x24+400+0 -title "Logs" -e "tail -f /var/log/syslog" & xterm -geometry 80x24+0+300 -title "Monitor" -e "htop" & ### Multiplexer di Terminalebash

Use version control for configs¶

cd ~ git init git add .Xresources git commit -m "Initial xterm configuration"

Backup configurations¶

cp ~/.Xresources ~/.Xresources.backup ### Integrazione con Shellbash

Disable dangerous operations¶

XTerm*allowSendEvents: false XTerm*allowWindowOps: false XTerm*allowTitleOps: false

Use secure keyboard mode¶