دليل إدارة نظام أسماء النطاقات (DNS)

نظرة عامة

تشمل إدارة نظام أسماء النطاقات (DNS) إدارة وتكوين وصيانة بنية نظام أسماء النطاقات. يغطي هذا الدليل الأوامر والإجراءات الأساسية لإدارة خوادم DNS، والمناطق، والسجلات عبر منصات وبيئات مختلفة.

⚠️ تحذير: يمكن أن تؤثر التغييرات في DNS على اتصال الشبكة وتوافر الخدمات. قم دائمًا باختبار التغييرات في البيئات غير الإنتاجية واتبع إجراءات إدارة التغيير.

إدارة خادم DNS

BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain)

التثبيت

# Ubuntu/Debian
sudo apt update && sudo apt install bind9 bind9utils bind9-doc

# CentOS/RHEL/Rocky Linux
sudo dnf install bind bind-utils

# macOS (using Homebrew)
brew install bind

إدارة الخدمة

# Start BIND service
sudo systemctl start named
sudo systemctl start bind9  # Ubuntu/Debian

# Stop BIND service
sudo systemctl stop named
sudo systemctl stop bind9   # Ubuntu/Debian

# Restart BIND service
sudo systemctl restart named
sudo systemctl restart bind9  # Ubuntu/Debian

# Enable auto-start
sudo systemctl enable named
sudo systemctl enable bind9   # Ubuntu/Debian

# Check service status
sudo systemctl status named
sudo systemctl status bind9   # Ubuntu/Debian

إدارة التكوين

# Check BIND configuration syntax
sudo named-checkconf

# Check zone file syntax
sudo named-checkzone example.com /etc/bind/db.example.com

# Reload configuration without restart
sudo rndc reload

# Reload specific zone
sudo rndc reload example.com

# Flush cache
sudo rndc flush

# View BIND statistics
sudo rndc stats

خادم DNS لـ Windows

إدارة PowerShell

# Install DNS Server role
Install-WindowsFeature -Name DNS -IncludeManagementTools

# Start DNS service
Start-Service DNS

# Stop DNS service
Stop-Service DNS

# Restart DNS service
Restart-Service DNS

# Get DNS server settings
Get-DnsServer

# Get DNS server statistics
Get-DnsServerStatistics

إدارة المناطق

إنشاء المناطق

إنشاء منطقة BIND

# Create forward lookup zone file
sudo nano /etc/bind/db.example.com

# Add zone to named.conf
echo 'zone "example.com" \\\\{
    type master;
    file "/etc/bind/db.example.com";
    allow-transfer \\\\{ 192.168.1.10; \\\\};
\\\\};'|sudo tee -a /etc/bind/named.conf.local

# Create reverse lookup zone
sudo nano /etc/bind/db.192.168.1

# Add reverse zone to named.conf
echo 'zone "1.168.192.in-addr.arpa" \\\\{
    type master;
    file "/etc/bind/db.192.168.1";
    allow-transfer \\\\{ 192.168.1.10; \\\\};
\\\\};'|sudo tee -a /etc/bind/named.conf.local

إنشاء منطقة DNS لـ Windows

# Create primary zone
Add-DnsServerPrimaryZone -Name "example.com" -ZoneFile "example.com.dns"

# Create Active Directory integrated zone
Add-DnsServerPrimaryZone -Name "example.com" -ReplicationScope "Domain"

# Create secondary zone
Add-DnsServerSecondaryZone -Name "example.com" -ZoneFile "example.com.dns" -MasterServers "192.168.1.10"

# Create reverse lookup zone
Add-DnsServerPrimaryZone -NetworkId "192.168.1.0/24" -ReplicationScope "Domain"

إدارة نقل المناطق

نقل مناطق BIND

# Configure zone transfer in named.conf
zone "example.com" \\\\{
    type master;
    file "/etc/bind/db.example.com";
    allow-transfer \\\\{ 192.168.1.10; 192.168.1.11; \\\\};
    also-notify \\\\{ 192.168.1.10; 192.168.1.11; \\\\};
    notify yes;
\\\\};

# Force zone transfer
sudo rndc notify example.com

# Check zone transfer status
sudo rndc status

نقل مناطق Windows

# Configure zone transfer settings
Set-DnsServerZoneTransferPolicy -ZoneName "example.com" -SecondaryServers "192.168.1.10","192.168.1.11"

# Enable zone transfer notifications
Set-DnsServerZoneTransferPolicy -ZoneName "example.com" -Notify "Yes" -NotifyServers "192.168.1.10","192.168.1.11"

# Force zone transfer
Start-DnsServerZoneTransfer -ZoneName "example.com"

إدارة سجلات DNS

أنواع السجلات الشائعة

سجلات A (IPv4)

# BIND - Add A record to zone file
echo "www    IN    A    192.168.1.100" >> /etc/bind/db.example.com

# Windows PowerShell
Add-DnsServerResourceRecordA -ZoneName "example.com" -Name "www" -IPv4Address "192.168.1.100"

# Using nsupdate (dynamic updates)
nsupdate -k /etc/bind/rndc.key
> server 192.168.1.10
> zone example.com
> update add www.example.com 300 A 192.168.1.100
> send
> quit

سجلات AAAA (IPv6)

# BIND - Add AAAA record
echo "www    IN    AAAA    2001:db8::1" >> /etc/bind/db.example.com

# Windows PowerShell
Add-DnsServerResourceRecordAAAA -ZoneName "example.com" -Name "www" -IPv6Address "2001:db8::1"

سجلات CNAME

# BIND - Add CNAME record
echo "mail    IN    CNAME    www.example.com." >> /etc/bind/db.example.com

# Windows PowerShell
Add-DnsServerResourceRecordCName -ZoneName "example.com" -Name "mail" -HostNameAlias "www.example.com"

سجلات MX

# BIND - Add MX record
echo "@    IN    MX    10    mail.example.com." >> /etc/bind/db.example.com

# Windows PowerShell
Add-DnsServerResourceRecordMX -ZoneName "example.com" -Name "@" -MailExchange "mail.example.com" -Preference 10

سجلات TXT

# BIND - Add TXT record
echo "@    IN    TXT    \"v=spf1 include:_spf.google.com ~all\"" >> /etc/bind/db.example.com

# Windows PowerShell
Add-DnsServerResourceRecordTxt -ZoneName "example.com" -Name "@" -DescriptiveText "v=spf1 include:_spf.google.com ~all"

سجلات PTR (DNS العكسي)

# BIND - Add PTR record to reverse zone
echo "100    IN    PTR    www.example.com." >> /etc/bind/db.192.168.1

# Windows PowerShell
Add-DnsServerResourceRecordPtr -ZoneName "1.168.192.in-addr.arpa" -Name "100" -PtrDomainName "www.example.com"

تعديل وحذف السجلات

إدارة سجلات BIND

# Edit zone file directly
sudo nano /etc/bind/db.example.com

# Increment serial number (important!)
# Change: 2024063001 to 2024063002

# Reload zone after changes
sudo rndc reload example.com

# Delete record using nsupdate
nsupdate -k /etc/bind/rndc.key
> server 192.168.1.10
> zone example.com
> update delete old-server.example.com A
> send
> quit

إدارة سجلات Windows

# Modify A record
Set-DnsServerResourceRecordA -ZoneName "example.com" -Name "www" -IPv4Address "192.168.1.101"

# Remove A record
Remove-DnsServerResourceRecord -ZoneName "example.com" -Name "www" -RRType "A"

# Remove all records for a name
Remove-DnsServerResourceRecord -ZoneName "example.com" -Name "old-server" -Force

إدارة أمان DNS

تكوين DNSSEC

إعداد DNSSEC لـ BIND

# Generate zone signing keys
cd /etc/bind/keys
dnssec-keygen -a RSASHA256 -b 2048 -n ZONE example.com
dnssec-keygen -a RSASHA256 -b 4096 -f KSK -n ZONE example.com

# Sign the zone
dnssec-signzone -A -3 $(head -c 1000 /dev/random|sha1sum|cut -b 1-16) -N INCREMENT -o example.com -t /etc/bind/db.example.com

# Update named.conf to use signed zone
zone "example.com" \\\\{
    type master;
    file "/etc/bind/db.example.com.signed";
    key-directory "/etc/bind/keys";
    auto-dnssec maintain;
    inline-signing yes;
\\\\};

إعداد DNSSEC لـ Windows

# Enable DNSSEC for zone
Enable-DnsServerSigningKeyRollover -ZoneName "example.com" -KeyType "KeySigningKey"

# Add Key Signing Key (KSK)
Add-DnsServerSigningKey -ZoneName "example.com" -Type "KeySigningKey" -CryptoAlgorithm "RsaSha256"

# Add Zone Signing Key (ZSK)
Add-DnsServerSigningKey -ZoneName "example.com" -Type "ZoneSigningKey" -CryptoAlgorithm "RsaSha256"

# Sign the zone
Invoke-DnsServerZoneSigning -ZoneName "example.com" -Sign

قوائم التحكم بالوصول (ACLs)

تكوين ACL لـ BIND

Would you like me to continue with the remaining sections?```bash

Define ACLs in named.conf

acl “internal-networks” \\{ 192.168.1.0/24; 10.0.0.0/8; 172.16.0.0/12; \\};

acl “dns-servers” \\{ 192.168.1.10; 192.168.1.11; \\};

Apply ACLs to zones

zone “example.com” \\{ type master; file “/etc/bind/db.example.com”; allow-query \\{ internal-networks; \\}; allow-transfer \\{ dns-servers; \\}; allow-update \\{ none; \\}; \\};

```powershell
# Configure zone transfer security
Set-DnsServerZoneTransferPolicy -ZoneName "example.com" -SecondaryServers "192.168.1.10","192.168.1.11"

# Disable recursion for external queries
Set-DnsServerRecursion -Enable $false -AdditionalTimeout 4 -RetryInterval 3 -Timeout 8
```## مراقبة وإصلاح أعطال DNS
```bash
# Configure logging in named.conf
logging \\\\{
    channel default_debug \\\\{
        file "data/named.run";
        severity dynamic;
    \\\\};
    channel query_log \\\\{
        file "/var/log/bind/query.log" versions 3 size 5m;
        severity info;
        print-category yes;
        print-severity yes;
        print-time yes;
    \\\\};
    category queries \\\\{ query_log; \\\\};
    category default \\\\{ default_debug; \\\\};
\\\\};

# Enable query logging
sudo rndc querylog on

# View logs
sudo tail -f /var/log/bind/query.log
sudo journalctl -u named -f
```### إدارة السجلات
```powershell
# Enable DNS debug logging
Set-DnsServerDiagnostics -All $true

# Enable query logging
Set-DnsServerDiagnostics -Queries $true

# View DNS events
Get-WinEvent -LogName "DNS Server"|Select-Object -First 10

# Export DNS logs
Get-DnsServerQueryResolutionPolicy|Export-Csv -Path "C:\dns-policies.csv"
```#### تسجيل BIND
```bash
# Enable statistics
statistics-channels \\\\{
    inet 127.0.0.1 port 8053 allow \\\\{ 127.0.0.1; \\\\};
\\\\};

# View statistics via HTTP
curl http://127.0.0.1:8053/

# Command line statistics
sudo rndc stats
cat /var/cache/bind/named.stats
```#### تسجيل DNS على Windows
```powershell
# Get DNS server statistics
Get-DnsServerStatistics

# Monitor DNS performance counters
Get-Counter "\DNS\Total Query Received/sec"
Get-Counter "\DNS\Total Response Sent/sec"
Get-Counter "\DNS\Recursive Queries/sec"

# Export performance data
Get-DnsServerStatistics|Export-Csv -Path "C:\dns-stats.csv"
```### مراقبة الأداء
```bash
# Test DNS resolution
nslookup www.example.com
dig www.example.com
host www.example.com

# Test specific record types
dig MX example.com
dig TXT example.com
dig NS example.com

# Test reverse DNS
dig -x 192.168.1.100

# Test DNSSEC validation
dig +dnssec www.example.com
```#### إحصائيات BIND
```bash
# Test zone transfer
dig @192.168.1.10 example.com AXFR

# Test zone serial number
dig @192.168.1.10 example.com SOA
```#### أداء DNS على Windows
```powershell
# Test DNS resolution
Resolve-DnsName -Name "www.example.com"
Resolve-DnsName -Name "example.com" -Type MX

# Test DNS server connectivity
Test-DnsServer -IPAddress "192.168.1.10" -ZoneName "example.com"

# Validate zone
Test-DnsServer -IPAddress "192.168.1.10" -ZoneName "example.com" -RRType "SOA"
```### أوامر استكشاف الأخطاء
```bash
# Backup BIND zone files
sudo tar -czf /backup/dns-zones-$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.gz /etc/bind/

# Backup Windows DNS zones
Export-DnsServerZone -Name "example.com" -FileName "example.com.backup"
```#### اختبار حل DNS
```bash
# Clear DNS cache (BIND)
sudo rndc flush

# Clear DNS cache (Windows)
Clear-DnsServerCache

# Clear local resolver cache (Linux)
sudo systemctl restart systemd-resolved

# Clear local resolver cache (Windows)
ipconfig /flushdns
```#### اختبار نقل المنطقة
```bash
# Update zone serial number
# Edit zone file and increment serial: 2024063001 -> 2024063002

# Reload zone
sudo rndc reload example.com

# Force zone refresh on secondary
sudo rndc refresh example.com
```#### اختبار DNS على Windows

| أمر | وصف |
|---------|-------------|
| `named-checkconf` | تحقق من صحة تكوين BIND |
| `named-checkzone` | تحقق من صحة بناء ملف المنطقة |
| `rndc reload` | إعادة تحميل تكوين DNS |
| `rndc flush` | مسح ذاكرة التخزين المؤقت لـ DNS |
| `rndc stats` | إنشاء إحصائيات |
| `rndc querylog` | تبديل تسجيل الاستعلامات |
| `nsupdate` | تحديثات DNS الديناميكية |
| `dig` | أداة البحث في DNS |
| `nslookup` | أداة البحث عن DNS |
| `host` | أداة البحث في DNS |## مهام صيانة DNS

| Cmdlet | وصف |
|--------|-------------|
| `Get-DnsServer` | احصل على تكوين خادم DNS |
| `Add-DnsServerPrimaryZone` | إنشاء منطقة أساسية |
| `Add-DnsServerSecondaryZone` | إنشاء منطقة ثانوية |
| `Add-DnsServerResourceRecord*` | أضف سجلات DNS |
| `Remove-DnsServerResourceRecord` | احذف سجلات DNS |
| `Set-DnsServerZoneTransferPolicy` | تكوين نقل المناطق |
| `Test-DnsServer` | اختبار وظائف خادم DNS |
| `Clear-DnsServerCache` | مسح ذاكرة التخزين المؤقت لـ DNS |### نسخ ملفات المنطقة احتياطيًا
```bash
# Check zone transfer configuration
named-checkconf
named-checkzone example.com /etc/bind/db.example.com

# Verify network connectivity
telnet secondary-dns-server 53

# Check TSIG key configuration
rndc-confgen -a
```### إدارة الذاكرة المؤقتة
```bash
# Check DNSSEC chain
dig +dnssec +trace www.example.com

# Verify key signatures
dig +dnssec example.com DNSKEY

# Check DS records in parent zone
dig +dnssec example.com DS
```### صيانة المنطقة
```bash
# Monitor query load
rndc stats
tail -f /var/log/bind/query.log

# Check cache hit ratio
rndc dumpdb -cache
grep "cache" /var/cache/bind/named_dump.db

# Analyze query patterns
awk '\\\\{print $1\\\\}' /var/log/bind/query.log|sort|uniq -c|sort -nr
```## مرجع الأوامر