دليل مختصر لـ Ant

نظرة عامة

Apache Ant هي أداة بناء مبنية على Java تستخدم XML لوصف عملية البناء واعتماداتها. وهي مستقلة عن المنصة ومصممة لتكون قابلة للتوسيع من خلال فئات Java.

Would you like me to continue with the remaining sections? Please provide the text for each section you want translated.```bash

macOS

brew install ant

Ubuntu/Debian

sudo apt install ant

CentOS/RHEL

sudo yum install ant

Windows (Chocolatey)

choco install ant

Manual installation

wget https://archive.apache.org/dist/ant/binaries/apache-ant-1.10.12-bin.tar.gz tar -xzf apache-ant-1.10.12-bin.tar.gz export ANT_HOME=/path/to/apache-ant-1.10.12 export PATH=$PATH:$ANT_HOME/bin

### Verification
```bash
ant -version

Basic Concepts

Key Terms

Build File    # XML file (usually build.xml)
Project       # Root element of build file
Target        # Set of tasks to execute
Task          # Unit of work (compile, copy, etc.)
Property      # Name-value pair for configuration

Project Structure

project/
├── build.xml
├── src/
│   ├── main/
│   │   └── java/
│   └── test/
│       └── java/
├── lib/
├── build/
└── dist/

Basic build.xml

Minimal Example

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project name="MyProject" default="compile" basedir=".">
    <description>A simple Java project</description>

    <property name="src.dir" value="src"/>
    <property name="build.dir" value="build"/>
    <property name="classes.dir" value="$\\\\{build.dir\\\\}/classes"/>

    <target name="init">
        <mkdir dir="$\\\\{build.dir\\\\}"/>
        <mkdir dir="$\\\\{classes.dir\\\\}"/>
    </target>

    <target name="compile" depends="init">
        <javac srcdir="$\\\\{src.dir\\\\}" destdir="$\\\\{classes.dir\\\\}"/>
    </target>

    <target name="clean">
        <delete dir="$\\\\{build.dir\\\\}"/>
    </target>
</project>

Complete Example

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project name="MyProject" default="build" basedir=".">
    <description>Complete Java project build file</description>

    <property name="src.dir" value="src/main/java"/>
    <property name="test.src.dir" value="src/test/java"/>
    <property name="resources.dir" value="src/main/resources"/>
    <property name="lib.dir" value="lib"/>
    <property name="build.dir" value="build"/>
    <property name="classes.dir" value="$\\\\{build.dir\\\\}/classes"/>
    <property name="test.classes.dir" value="$\\\\{build.dir\\\\}/test-classes"/>
    <property name="dist.dir" value="dist"/>
    <property name="jar.file" value="$\\\\{dist.dir\\\\}/$\\\\{ant.project.name\\\\}.jar"/>

    <path id="classpath">
        <fileset dir="$\\\\{lib.dir\\\\}">
            <include name="*.jar"/>
        </fileset>
    </path>

    <path id="test.classpath">
        <path refid="classpath"/>
        <pathelement location="$\\\\{classes.dir\\\\}"/>
        <pathelement location="$\\\\{test.classes.dir\\\\}"/>
    </path>

    <target name="init">
        <mkdir dir="$\\\\{build.dir\\\\}"/>
        <mkdir dir="$\\\\{classes.dir\\\\}"/>
        <mkdir dir="$\\\\{test.classes.dir\\\\}"/>
        <mkdir dir="$\\\\{dist.dir\\\\}"/>
    </target>

    <target name="compile" depends="init">
        <javac srcdir="$\\\\{src.dir\\\\}"
               destdir="$\\\\{classes.dir\\\\}"
               classpathref="classpath"
               debug="true"
               includeantruntime="false"/>
        <copy todir="$\\\\{classes.dir\\\\}">
            <fileset dir="$\\\\{resources.dir\\\\}"/>
        </copy>
    </target>

    <target name="compile-tests" depends="compile">
        <javac srcdir="$\\\\{test.src.dir\\\\}"
               destdir="$\\\\{test.classes.dir\\\\}"
               classpathref="test.classpath"
               debug="true"
               includeantruntime="false"/>
    </target>

    <target name="test" depends="compile-tests">
        <junit printsummary="yes" haltonfailure="yes">
            <classpath refid="test.classpath"/>
            <formatter type="plain"/>
            <batchtest fork="yes" todir="$\\\\{build.dir\\\\}">
                <fileset dir="$\\\\{test.src.dir\\\\}">
                    <include name="**/*Test.java"/>
                </fileset>
            </batchtest>
        </junit>
    </target>

    <target name="jar" depends="compile">
        <jar destfile="$\\\\{jar.file\\\\}" basedir="$\\\\{classes.dir\\\\}">
            <manifest>
                <attribute name="Main-Class" value="com.example.Main"/>
                <attribute name="Class-Path" value=". lib/"/>
            </manifest>
        </jar>
    </target>

    <target name="build" depends="test,jar"/>

    <target name="clean">
        <delete dir="$\\\\{build.dir\\\\}"/>
        <delete dir="$\\\\{dist.dir\\\\}"/>
    </target>

    <target name="rebuild" depends="clean,build"/>
</project>

Properties

Property Definition

<property name="version" value="1.0.0"/>
<property name="src.dir" value="src"/>

<property file="build.properties"/>

<property environment="env"/>
<echo message="Java Home: $\\\\{env.JAVA_HOME\\\\}"/>

<property name="java.version" value="$\\\\{java.version\\\\}"/>

<condition property="isWindows">
    <os family="windows"/>
</condition>

<property name="build.type" value="debug"/>

Property Files

# build.properties
version=1.0.0
src.dir=src/main/java
test.dir=src/test/java
lib.dir=lib
build.dir=build

Tasks

File Operations

<copy todir="$\\\\{build.dir\\\\}/resources">
    <fileset dir="$\\\\{src.dir\\\\}/resources"/>
</copy>

<copy todir="$\\\\{build.dir\\\\}/config" filtering="true">
    <fileset dir="config"/>
    <filterset>
        <filter token="VERSION" value="$\\\\{version\\\\}"/>
        <filter token="BUILD_DATE" value="$\\\\{timestamp\\\\}"/>
    </filterset>
</copy>

<move todir="$\\\\{backup.dir\\\\}">
    <fileset dir="$\\\\{build.dir\\\\}">
        <include name="*.log"/>
    </fileset>
</move>

<delete dir="$\\\\{build.dir\\\\}"/>
<delete>
    <fileset dir="." includes="**/*.tmp"/>
</delete>

<mkdir dir="$\\\\{build.dir\\\\}/classes"/>

<zip destfile="$\\\\{dist.dir\\\\}/source.zip">
    <fileset dir="$\\\\{src.dir\\\\}"/>
</zip>

<tar destfile="$\\\\{dist.dir\\\\}/source.tar.gz" compression="gzip">
    <fileset dir="$\\\\{src.dir\\\\}"/>
</tar>

Compilation Tasks

<javac srcdir="$\\\\{src.dir\\\\}"
       destdir="$\\\\{classes.dir\\\\}"
       classpathref="classpath"
       debug="true"
       deprecation="true"
       optimize="false"
       includeantruntime="false">
    <include name="**/*.java"/>
    <exclude name="**/Test*.java"/>
</javac>

<jar destfile="$\\\\{dist.dir\\\\}/myapp.jar"
     basedir="$\\\\{classes.dir\\\\}"
     includes="**/*.class">
    <manifest>
        <attribute name="Main-Class" value="com.example.Main"/>
        <attribute name="Implementation-Version" value="$\\\\{version\\\\}"/>
        <attribute name="Built-By" value="$\\\\{user.name\\\\}"/>
        <attribute name="Built-Date" value="$\\\\{timestamp\\\\}"/>
    </manifest>
</jar>

<war destfile="$\\\\{dist.dir\\\\}/myapp.war" webxml="web.xml">
    <fileset dir="webapp"/>
    <lib dir="lib"/>
    <classes dir="$\\\\{classes.dir\\\\}"/>
</war>

Testing Tasks

<junit printsummary="yes"
       haltonfailure="yes"
       haltonerror="yes"
       fork="yes">
    <classpath refid="test.classpath"/>
    <formatter type="plain"/>
    <formatter type="xml"/>

    <test name="com.example.MyTest" todir="$\\\\{test.reports.dir\\\\}"/>

    <batchtest fork="yes" todir="$\\\\{test.reports.dir\\\\}">
        <fileset dir="$\\\\{test.src.dir\\\\}">
            <include name="**/*Test.java"/>
            <exclude name="**/Abstract*Test.java"/>
        </fileset>
    </batchtest>
</junit>

<junitreport todir="$\\\\{test.reports.dir\\\\}">
    <fileset dir="$\\\\{test.reports.dir\\\\}">
        <include name="TEST-*.xml"/>
    </fileset>
    <report format="frames" todir="$\\\\{test.reports.dir\\\\}/html"/>
</junitreport>

Targets and Dependencies

Target Dependencies

<target name="compile" depends="init">

</target>

<target name="build" depends="clean,compile,test,jar">

</target>

<target name="compile-debug" if="debug.enabled">
    <javac srcdir="$\\\\{src.dir\\\\}" destdir="$\\\\{classes.dir\\\\}" debug="true"/>
</target>

<target name="compile-release" unless="debug.enabled">
    <javac srcdir="$\\\\{src.dir\\\\}" destdir="$\\\\{classes.dir\\\\}" optimize="true"/>
</target>

<target name="help" description="Show available targets">
    <echo message="Available targets:"/>
    <echo message="  compile - Compile source code"/>
    <echo message="  test    - Run unit tests"/>
    <echo message="  jar     - Create JAR file"/>
    <echo message="  clean   - Clean build directory"/>
</target>

Conditional Execution

<target name="check-java-version">
    <condition property="java.version.ok">
        <or>
            <contains string="$\\\\{java.version\\\\}" substring="1.8"/>
            <contains string="$\\\\{java.version\\\\}" substring="11"/>
            <contains string="$\\\\{java.version\\\\}" substring="17"/>
        </or>
    </condition>
    <fail unless="java.version.ok"
          message="Java 8, 11, or 17 required. Found: $\\\\{java.version\\\\}"/>
</target>

<target name="init-windows" if="isWindows">
    <property name="script.ext" value=".bat"/>
</target>

<target name="init-unix" unless="isWindows">
    <property name="script.ext" value=".sh"/>
</target>

Macros and Custom Tasks

Macrodefs

<macrodef name="compile-module">
    <attribute name="module"/>
    ``<attribute name="srcdir" default="src/@\\\{module\\\}/java"/>``
    ``<attribute name="destdir" default="build/@\\\{module\\\}/classes"/>``
    <sequential>
        ``<mkdir dir="@\\\{destdir\\\}"/>``
        ``<javac srcdir="@\\\{srcdir\\\}"
               destdir="@\\\{destdir\\\}"
               classpathref="classpath"
               includeantruntime="false"/>``
    </sequential>
</macrodef>

<target name="compile-all">
    <compile-module module="core"/>
    <compile-module module="web"/>
    <compile-module module="api"/>
</target>

<macrodef name="run-tests">
    <attribute name="module"/>
    <element name="test-elements" implicit="true"/>
    <sequential>
        <junit printsummary="yes" haltonfailure="yes">
            ``<classpath refid="test.classpath.@\\\{module\\\}"/>``
            <test-elements/>
        </junit>
    </sequential>
</macrodef>

Custom Tasks

<taskdef name="mytask" classname="com.example.MyTask">
    <classpath>
        <pathelement location="lib/custom-tasks.jar"/>
    </classpath>
</taskdef>

<target name="custom-operation">
    <mytask param1="value1" param2="value2"/>
</target>

Advanced Features

Parallel Execution

<target name="build-parallel">
    <parallel>
        <sequential>
            <antcall target="compile-core"/>
            <antcall target="test-core"/>
        </sequential>
        <sequential>
            <antcall target="compile-web"/>
            <antcall target="test-web"/>
        </sequential>
    </parallel>
</target>

Subprojects

<target name="build-all">
    <subant target="build">
        <fileset dir="." includes="*/build.xml"/>
    </subant>
</target>

<target name="clean-all">
    <ant dir="core" target="clean"/>
    <ant dir="web" target="clean"/>
    <ant dir="api" target="clean"/>
</target>

Import and Include

<import file="common-build.xml"/>

<include file="properties.xml"/>

<import file="base-build.xml"/>
<target name="compile" depends="base.compile">

    <echo message="Custom compilation step"/>
</target>

Command Line Usage

Basic Commands

# Run default target
ant

# Run specific target
ant compile
ant clean
ant test

# Run multiple targets
ant clean compile test

# List available targets
ant -projecthelp
ant -p

# Verbose output
ant -verbose compile
ant -v compile

# Debug output
ant -debug compile
ant -d compile

# Quiet output
ant -quiet compile
ant -q compile

Setting Properties

# Set properties from command line
ant -Dversion=2.0.0 -Ddebug.enabled=true compile

# Use different build file
ant -buildfile mybuild.xml compile
ant -f mybuild.xml compile

# Set logger
ant -logger org.apache.tools.ant.DefaultLogger compile

# Find build file
ant -find build.xml compile
```### خيارات متقدمة
```bash
# Keep going on failure
ant -keep-going build

# Use input handler
ant -inputhandler org.apache.tools.ant.input.DefaultInputHandler

# Set log level
ant -loglevel info compile

# Disable input
ant -noinput compile

# Show version
ant -version
```## التكامل

### التكامل مع بيئة التطوير المتكاملة (IDE)
```xml

<target name="eclipse" description="Generate Eclipse project files">
    <copy file="templates/.project" tofile=".project"/>
    <copy file="templates/.classpath" tofile=".classpath"/>
    ``<replace file=".classpath" token="@PROJECT_NAME@" value="$\\\{ant.project.name\\\}"/>``
</target>

<target name="idea" description="Generate IntelliJ project files">
    <mkdir dir=".idea"/>
    <copy todir=".idea">
        <fileset dir="templates/idea"/>
    </copy>
</target>
```### التكامل مع CI/CD
```xml

<target name="ci-build" description="Continuous integration build">
    <antcall target="clean"/>
    <antcall target="compile"/>
    <antcall target="test"/>
    <antcall target="package"/>
    <antcall target="deploy"/>
</target>

<target name="ci-reports">
    <junitreport todir="$\\\\{reports.dir\\\\}">
        <fileset dir="$\\\\{test.reports.dir\\\\}">
            <include name="TEST-*.xml"/>
        </fileset>
        <report format="frames" todir="$\\\\{reports.dir\\\\}/junit"/>
    </junitreport>
</target>
```### التحكم في الإصدارات
```xml

<target name="git-info">
    <exec executable="git" outputproperty="git.revision">
        <arg value="rev-parse"/>
        <arg value="HEAD"/>
    </exec>
    <exec executable="git" outputproperty="git.branch">
        <arg value="rev-parse"/>
        <arg value="--abbrev-ref"/>
        <arg value="HEAD"/>
    </exec>
    <echo message="Git branch: $\\\\{git.branch\\\\}"/>
    <echo message="Git revision: $\\\\{git.revision\\\\}"/>
</target>
```## أفضل الممارسات

### تنظيم المشروع
```xml

<property name="src.main.java" value="src/main/java"/>
<property name="src.test.java" value="src/test/java"/>
<property name="build.main.classes" value="build/main/classes"/>
<property name="build.test.classes" value="build/test/classes"/>

<import file="build-compile.xml"/>
<import file="build-test.xml"/>
<import file="build-package.xml"/>
<import file="build-deploy.xml"/>

<target name="compile-main-sources" depends="init"/>
<target name="compile-test-sources" depends="compile-main-sources"/>
<target name="run-unit-tests" depends="compile-test-sources"/>
```### معالجة الأخطاء
```xml

<target name="check-dependencies">
    <available file="$\\\\{lib.dir\\\\}/junit.jar" property="junit.present"/>
    <fail unless="junit.present" message="JUnit JAR not found in $\\\\{lib.dir\\\\}"/>
</target>

<target name="deploy" if="deploy.enabled">
    <echo message="Deploying to $\\\\{deploy.target\\\\}"/>

</target>

<target name="safe-operation">
    <trycatch>
        <try>
            <antcall target="risky-operation"/>
        </try>
        <catch>
            <echo message="Operation failed, continuing with fallback"/>
            <antcall target="fallback-operation"/>
        </catch>
    </trycatch>
</target>
```## استكشاف المشاكل وحلها

### المشاكل الشائعة
```bash
# Check Ant installation
ant -version

# Verify Java installation
java -version

# Check classpath issues
ant -debug compile 2>&1|grep -i classpath

# Validate build file
ant -projecthelp

# Check property values
ant -Dant.echo.properties=true compile
```### تقنيات التصحيح
```xml

<target name="debug-properties">
    <echoproperties/>
</target>

<target name="debug-paths">
    <pathconvert property="classpath.debug" refid="classpath"/>
    <echo message="Classpath: $\\\\{classpath.debug\\\\}"/>
</target>

<target name="debug" if="debug.enabled">
    <echo message="Debug mode enabled"/>
    <echo message="Source directory: $\\\\{src.dir\\\\}"/>
    <echo message="Build directory: $\\\\{build.dir\\\\}"/>
</target>
```### نصائح الأداء
```xml

<target name="compile" depends="init">
    <uptodate property="compile.notRequired" targetfile="$\\\\{jar.file\\\\}">
        <srcfiles dir="$\\\\{src.dir\\\\}" includes="**/*.java"/>
    </uptodate>
    <antcall target="do-compile" unless="compile.notRequired"/>
</target>

<target name="compile-parallel">
    <parallel>
        <javac srcdir="$\\\\{src.dir\\\\}/module1" destdir="$\\\\{build.dir\\\\}/module1"/>
        <javac srcdir="$\\\\{src.dir\\\\}/module2" destdir="$\\\\{build.dir\\\\}/module2"/>
    </parallel>
</target>
```## الموارد

- **الوثائق الرسمية**: [ant.apache.org](https://ant.apache.org/)
- **الدليل**: [ant.apache.org/manual](https://ant.apache.org/manual/)
- **مرجع المهام**: [ant.apache.org/manual/tasksoverview.html](https://ant.apache.org/manual/tasksoverview.html)
- **أفضل الممارسات**: [ant.apache.org/manual/tutorial-HelloWorldWithAnt.html](https://ant.apache.org/manual/tutorial-HelloWorldWithAnt.html)