Gestionnaire de paquets Pacman
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Commandes et workflows Pacman complets pour la gestion des paquets Arch Linux.
Installation et mises à jour
Opérations de base
| Command |
Description |
sudo pacman -Syu |
Update system (sync + upgrade) |
sudo pacman -S package_name |
Install package |
sudo pacman -R package_name |
Remove package |
sudo pacman -Rs package_name |
Remove package and dependencies |
sudo pacman -Rns package_name |
Remove package, deps, and config |
sudo pacman -U package.pkg.tar.xz |
Install local package |
Installation avancée
| Command |
Description |
sudo pacman -S package1 package2 |
Install multiple packages |
sudo pacman -S --needed package_name |
Install only if not installed |
sudo pacman -S --asdeps package_name |
Install as dependency |
sudo pacman -D --asdeps package_name |
Mark as dependency |
sudo pacman -D --asexplicit package_name |
Mark as explicitly installed |
| Command |
Description |
pacman -Ss keyword |
Search for packages |
pacman -Si package_name |
Show package information |
pacman -Q |
List installed packages |
pacman -Qs keyword |
Search installed packages |
pacman -Qi package_name |
Show installed package info |
pacman -Ql package_name |
List package files |
pacman -Qo /path/to/file |
Find package owning file |
Dépendances des paquets
| Command |
Description |
pacman -Qi package_name \|grep Depends |
Show dependencies |
pacman -Qii package_name |
Show detailed package info |
pactree package_name |
Show dependency tree |
pactree -r package_name |
Show reverse dependencies |
Entretien du système
Opérations de nettoyage
| Command |
Description |
sudo pacman -Sc |
Clean package cache |
sudo pacman -Scc |
Clean all cache |
sudo pacman -Rns $(pacman -Qtdq) |
Remove orphaned packages |
sudo pacman -Qqd \|pacman -Rsu - |
Remove unused dependencies |
Opérations de bases de données
| Command |
Description |
sudo pacman -Sy |
Sync package database |
sudo pacman -Syy |
Force sync database |
sudo pacman-db-upgrade |
Upgrade package database |
AUR (Arch User Repository)
Aides AUR
| Command |
Description |
yay -S package_name |
Install AUR package (yay) |
yay -Syu |
Update system including AUR |
yay -Ss keyword |
Search AUR packages |
paru -S package_name |
Install AUR package (paru) |
Installation AUR manuelle
# Clone AUR package
git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/package_name.git
cd package_name
# Review PKGBUILD
cat PKGBUILD
# Build and install
makepkg -si
Fichiers de configuration
Configuration de Pacman
| File |
Description |
/etc/pacman.conf |
Main configuration |
/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist |
Mirror list |
/var/log/pacman.log |
Package log |
/var/lib/pacman/local/ |
Local package database |
Exemple pacman.conf
[options]
HoldPkg = pacman glibc
Architecture = auto
Color
CheckSpace
VerbosePkgLists
ParallelDownloads = 5
[core]
Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist
[extra]
Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist
[community]
Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist
[multilib]
Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist
```_
## Gestion des miroirs
### Réflecteur (optimisation des miroirs)
|Command|Description|
|---------|-------------|
|`sudo reflector --latest 20 --protocol https --sort rate --save /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist`|Update mirrorlist|
|`sudo reflector --country 'United States' --latest 10 --sort rate --save /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist`|Country-specific mirrors|
### Sélection manuelle du miroir
```bash
# Backup current mirrorlist
sudo cp /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist.backup
# Edit mirrorlist
sudo nano /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist
# Test mirrors
sudo pacman -Syy
```_
## Groupes d'emballage
### Opérations de groupe
|Command|Description|
|---------|-------------|
|`pacman -Sg`|List all groups|
|`pacman -Sg group_name`|List packages in group|
|`sudo pacman -S group_name`|Install package group|
|`sudo pacman -S --needed group_name`|Install missing group packages|
### Groupes communs
|Group|Description|
|-------|-------------|
|`base`|Base system packages|
|`base-devel`|Development tools|
|`gnome`|GNOME desktop environment|
|`kde-applications`|KDE applications|
|`xorg`|X Window System|
## Utilisation avancée
### Vérification de l'emballage
|Command|Description|
|---------|-------------|
|`sudo pacman -Qk`|Check all packages|
|`sudo pacman -Qkk`|Thorough check|
|`sudo pacman -Qk package_name`|Check specific package|
### Paquets de déclassement
|Command|Description|
|---------|-------------|
|`sudo pacman -U /var/cache/pacman/pkg/package-version.pkg.tar.xz`|Downgrade from cache|
|`downgrade package_name`|Downgrade using downgrade tool|
### Crochets et Scripts
```bash
# /etc/pacman.d/hooks/example.hook
[Trigger]
Operation = Install
Operation = Upgrade
Type = Package
Target = *
[Action]
Description = Running custom script...
When = PostTransaction
Exec = /usr/local/bin/custom-script.sh
Dépannage
Questions communes
| Problem |
Solution |
| Conflicting files |
sudo pacman -S --overwrite glob package |
| Corrupted package |
sudo pacman -S --force package |
| Key issues |
sudo pacman-key --refresh-keys |
| Database lock |
sudo rm /var/lib/pacman/db.lck |
Conflits de paquets
| Command |
Description |
sudo pacman -Rdd package_name |
Remove without checking deps |
sudo pacman -S --force package_name |
Force installation |
sudo pacman -Syu --ignore package_name |
Ignore package during upgrade |
Gestion des clés
| Command |
Description |
sudo pacman-key --init |
Initialize keyring |
sudo pacman-key --populate archlinux |
Populate Arch keys |
sudo pacman-key --refresh-keys |
Refresh all keys |
sudo pacman-key --recv-keys KEYID |
Receive specific key |
Téléchargements parallèles
# /etc/pacman.conf
[options]
ParallelDownloads = 5
Miroirs les plus rapides
# Install reflector
sudo pacman -S reflector
# Auto-update mirrors weekly
sudo systemctl enable reflector.timer
SSD Optimisation
# /etc/pacman.conf
[options]
NoExtract = usr/share/doc/*
NoExtract = usr/share/man/*
NoExtract = usr/share/info/*
Sauvegarde et récupération
Sauvegarde de la liste des paquets
# Create package list
pacman -Qqe > pkglist.txt
# Restore packages
sudo pacman -S --needed - < pkglist.txt
Capture instantanée du système
# Create system backup
sudo rsync -aAXv / --exclude=\\\\{"/dev/*","/proc/*","/sys/*","/tmp/*","/run/*","/mnt/*","/media/*","/lost+found"\\\\} /backup/
# Package cache backup
sudo cp -r /var/cache/pacman/pkg/ /backup/pacman-cache/
Meilleures pratiques
Sécurité
- ** Mises à jour régulières** : Gardez le système à jour avec
sudo pacman -Syu
- Vérification des clés: Maintenez à jour les clés de signature du paquet
- AUR Attention: Consultez les PKGBUILD avant de construire des paquets AUR
- Installation miniature: Installer uniquement les paquets nécessaires
- Backup: Sauvegardes système et liste de paquets
Rendement
- ** Optimisation des risques** : Utilisez des miroirs plus rapides avec réflecteur
- Parallel Downloads: Activer les téléchargements parallèles
- Gestion des caches : Nettoyage régulier du cache
- ** Optimisation SSD** : Exclure les fichiers inutiles
- ** Optimisation de la base de données** : Gardez la base de données du paquet propre
Entretien
- ** Nettoyage des orphelins**: enlèvement régulier des colis orphelins
- Surveillance du journal : Vérifier les journaux de pacman pour les problèmes
- Dependency Health: Surveiller les dépendances des paquets
- Mirror Health: Vérifier l'accessibilité aux miroirs
- ** Cohérence du système**: vérification régulière du colis