curl - Client HTTP et transfert de données

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Commandes boucles complètes pour les requêtes HTTP, les tests API et le transfert de données sur toutes les plateformes.

Demandes HTTP de base

Obtenez Demandes

Command	Description
curl https://api.example.com	Basic GET request
curl -v https://api.example.com	Verbose output with headers
curl -i https://api.example.com	Include response headers
curl -I https://api.example.com	HEAD request only
curl -L https://example.com	Follow redirects

POSTE Demandes

Command	Description
curl -X POST https://api.example.com	Basic POST request
curl -d "data" https://api.example.com	POST with data
curl -d @file.json https://api.example.com	POST data from file
curl -F "file=@upload.txt" https://api.example.com	File upload

Autres méthodes HTTP

Command	Description
curl -X PUT -d "data" https://api.example.com	PUT request
curl -X DELETE https://api.example.com/item/1	DELETE request
curl -X PATCH -d "data" https://api.example.com	PATCH request

En-têtes et authentification

En-têtes personnalisés

Command	Description
curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" url	Set content type
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer token" url	Bearer token auth
curl -H "User-Agent: MyApp/1.0" url	Custom user agent
curl -H "Accept: application/xml" url	Accept header

Méthodes d'authentification

Command	Description
curl -u username:password url	Basic authentication
curl -u username url	Prompt for password
curl --oauth2-bearer token url	OAuth2 bearer token
curl --digest -u user:pass url	Digest authentication

API Authentification des clés

# API key in header
curl -H "X-API-Key: your-api-key" https://api.example.com

# API key in query parameter
curl "https://api.example.com?api_key=your-api-key"

# Multiple headers
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
     https://api.example.com

Formats de données

JSON Données

# POST JSON data
curl -X POST \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
     -d '\\\\{"name":"John","age":30\\\\}' \
     https://api.example.com/users

# JSON from file
curl -X POST \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
     -d @data.json \
     https://api.example.com/users
```_

### Données du formulaire
```bash
# URL-encoded form data
curl -d "name=John&age=30" https://api.example.com/users

# Multipart form data
curl -F "name=John" -F "age=30" https://api.example.com/users

# File upload with form data
curl -F "file=@document.pdf" \
     -F "description=Important document" \
     https://api.example.com/upload
```_

### XML Données
```bash
# POST XML data
curl -X POST \
     -H "Content-Type: application/xml" \
     -d '<user><name>John</name><age>30</age></user>' \
     https://api.example.com/users

Opérations de fichiers

Télécharger les fichiers

Command	Description
curl -O https://example.com/file.zip	Download with original name
curl -o myfile.zip https://example.com/file.zip	Download with custom name
curl -C - -O https://example.com/file.zip	Resume interrupted download
curl --limit-rate 100k -O url	Limit download speed

Télécharger des fichiers

Command	Description
curl -T file.txt ftp://server/path/	Upload via FTP
curl -F "file=@upload.txt" url	HTTP file upload
curl --upload-file file.txt url	PUT file upload

Fichiers multiples

# Download multiple files
curl -O https://example.com/file1.zip -O https://example.com/file2.zip

# Upload multiple files
curl -F "file1=@doc1.pdf" -F "file2=@doc2.pdf" https://api.example.com/upload

Options avancées

Délais et retraits

Command	Description
curl --connect-timeout 10 url	Connection timeout (seconds)
curl --max-time 30 url	Maximum total time
curl --retry 3 url	Retry on failure
curl --retry-delay 5 url	Delay between retries

Options SSL/TLS

Command	Description
curl -k url	Ignore SSL certificate errors
curl --cacert ca.pem url	Use custom CA certificate
curl --cert client.pem url	Use client certificate
curl --tlsv1.2 url	Force TLS version

Proxy et réseau

Command	Description
curl --proxy proxy.example.com:8080 url	Use HTTP proxy
curl --socks5 proxy.example.com:1080 url	Use SOCKS5 proxy
curl --interface eth0 url	Use specific network interface
curl --dns-servers 8.8.8.8 url	Use custom DNS servers

Produit et présentation

Contrôle de sortie

Command	Description
curl -s url	Silent mode (no progress)
curl -S url	Show errors even in silent mode
curl -o /dev/null url	Discard output
curl -w "%\\{http_code\\}" url	Show only HTTP status code

Informations sur la réponse

# Get detailed timing information
curl -w "@curl-format.txt" https://example.com

# curl-format.txt content:
#     time_namelookup:  %\\\\{time_namelookup\\\\}\n
#        time_connect:  %\\\\{time_connect\\\\}\n
#     time_appconnect:  %\\\\{time_appconnect\\\\}\n
#    time_pretransfer:  %\\\\{time_pretransfer\\\\}\n
#       time_redirect:  %\\\\{time_redirect\\\\}\n
#  time_starttransfer:  %\\\\{time_starttransfer\\\\}\n
#                     ----------\n
#          time_total:  %\\\\{time_total\\\\}\n

JSON Traitement

# Pretty print JSON with jq
curl -s https://api.example.com/users|jq '.'

# Extract specific fields
curl -s https://api.example.com/users|jq '.[]|.name'

# Filter results
curl -s https://api.example.com/users|jq '.[]|select(.age > 25)'

Essais et débogage

Essai de l'API

# Test REST API endpoints
curl -X GET https://api.example.com/users
curl -X POST -d '\\\\{"name":"John"\\\\}' https://api.example.com/users
curl -X PUT -d '\\\\{"name":"Jane"\\\\}' https://api.example.com/users/1
curl -X DELETE https://api.example.com/users/1

# Test with different content types
curl -H "Accept: application/json" https://api.example.com/users
curl -H "Accept: application/xml" https://api.example.com/users

Essais de performance

# Measure response time
curl -w "Total time: %\\\\{time_total\\\\}s\n" -o /dev/null -s https://example.com

# Test multiple requests
for i in \\\\{1..10\\\\}; do
  curl -w "%\\\\{time_total\\\\}\n" -o /dev/null -s https://example.com
done

Gestion des erreurs

# Check HTTP status codes
http_code=$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%\\\\{http_code\\\\}" https://example.com)
if [ $http_code -eq 200 ]; then
    echo "Success"
else
    echo "Error: HTTP $http_code"
fi

Configuration et scripts

Fichier de configuration

# ~/.curlrc configuration file
user-agent = "MyApp/1.0"
connect-timeout = 10
max-time = 30
show-error
silent

Scénarios de masse

#!/bin/bash
# API testing script

BASE_URL="https://api.example.com"
API_KEY="your-api-key"

# Function to make authenticated requests
api_request() \\\\{
    local method=$1
    local endpoint=$2
    local data=$3

    curl -X "$method" \
         -H "Authorization: Bearer $API_KEY" \
         -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
         $\\\\{data:+-d "$data"\\\\} \
         "$BASE_URL$endpoint"
\\\\}

# Usage examples
api_request GET "/users"
api_request POST "/users" '\\\\{"name":"John","email":"john@example.com"\\\\}'

Pratiques exemplaires en matière de sécurité

Authentification sécurisée

# Use environment variables for sensitive data
export API_TOKEN="your-secret-token"
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $API_TOKEN" https://api.example.com

# Read credentials from file
curl -K credentials.txt https://api.example.com

# credentials.txt:
# header = "Authorization: Bearer your-token"

Vérification du certificat

# Always verify SSL certificates in production
curl --cacert /path/to/ca-bundle.crt https://api.example.com

# For development only (not recommended for production)
curl -k https://self-signed.example.com

Cas d'utilisation courante

Scraping Web

# Download webpage
curl -L https://example.com > page.html

# Follow redirects and save cookies
curl -L -c cookies.txt -b cookies.txt https://example.com

# Set user agent to avoid blocking
curl -H "User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; bot)" https://example.com

Intégration de l'API

# GitHub API example
curl -H "Authorization: token your-github-token" \
     https://api.github.com/user/repos

# Weather API example
curl "https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=London&appid=your-api-key"

# Slack webhook example
curl -X POST \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
     -d '\\\\{"text":"Hello from curl!"\\\\}' \
     https://hooks.slack.com/services/YOUR/SLACK/WEBHOOK

Transfert de fichiers

# Upload to cloud storage
curl -X PUT \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
     --upload-file document.pdf \
     https://api.storage.com/files/document.pdf

# Download with progress bar
curl --progress-bar -O https://example.com/largefile.zip

Dépannage

Questions communes

Problem	Solution
SSL certificate errors	Use -k for testing, fix certificates for production
Connection timeout	Increase --connect-timeout value
Slow downloads	Use --limit-rate to control bandwidth
Authentication failures	Check credentials and authentication method

Débogage des commandes

# Verbose output for debugging
curl -v https://example.com

# Trace all network activity
curl --trace trace.txt https://example.com

# Show only headers
curl -I https://example.com

# Test connectivity
curl -I --connect-timeout 5 https://example.com