curl - Client HTTP et transfert de données¶

Copier toutes les commandes Générer PDF

Commandes boucles complètes pour les requêtes HTTP, les tests API et le transfert de données sur toutes les plateformes.

Demandes HTTP de base¶

Obtenez Demandes¶

Command	Description
`curl https://api.example.com`	Basic GET request
`curl -v https://api.example.com`	Verbose output with headers
`curl -i https://api.example.com`	Include response headers
`curl -I https://api.example.com`	HEAD request only
`curl -L https://example.com`	Follow redirects

POSTE Demandes¶

Command	Description
`curl -X POST https://api.example.com`	Basic POST request
`curl -d "data" https://api.example.com`	POST with data
`curl -d @file.json https://api.example.com`	POST data from file
`curl -F "file=@upload.txt" https://api.example.com`	File upload

Autres méthodes HTTP¶

Command	Description
`curl -X PUT -d "data" https://api.example.com`	PUT request
`curl -X DELETE https://api.example.com/item/1`	DELETE request
`curl -X PATCH -d "data" https://api.example.com`	PATCH request

En-têtes et authentification¶

En-têtes personnalisés¶

Command	Description
`curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" url`	Set content type
`curl -H "Authorization: Bearer token" url`	Bearer token auth
`curl -H "User-Agent: MyApp/1.0" url`	Custom user agent
`curl -H "Accept: application/xml" url`	Accept header

Méthodes d'authentification¶

Command	Description
`curl -u username:password url`	Basic authentication
`curl -u username url`	Prompt for password
`curl --oauth2-bearer token url`	OAuth2 bearer token
`curl --digest -u user:pass url`	Digest authentication

API Authentification des clés¶

# API key in header
curl -H "X-API-Key: your-api-key" https://api.example.com

# API key in query parameter
curl "https://api.example.com?api_key=your-api-key"

# Multiple headers
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
     https://api.example.com

Formats de données¶

JSON Données¶

# POST JSON data
curl -X POST \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
     -d '\\\\{"name":"John","age":30\\\\}' \
     https://api.example.com/users

# JSON from file
curl -X POST \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
     -d @data.json \
     https://api.example.com/users
```_

### Données du formulaire
```bash
# URL-encoded form data
curl -d "name=John&age=30" https://api.example.com/users

# Multipart form data
curl -F "name=John" -F "age=30" https://api.example.com/users

# File upload with form data
curl -F "file=@document.pdf" \
     -F "description=Important document" \
     https://api.example.com/upload
```_

### XML Données
```bash
# POST XML data
curl -X POST \
     -H "Content-Type: application/xml" \
     -d '<user><name>John</name><age>30</age></user>' \
     https://api.example.com/users

Opérations de fichiers¶

Télécharger les fichiers¶

Command	Description
`curl -O https://example.com/file.zip`	Download with original name
`curl -o myfile.zip https://example.com/file.zip`	Download with custom name
`curl -C - -O https://example.com/file.zip`	Resume interrupted download
`curl --limit-rate 100k -O url`	Limit download speed

Télécharger des fichiers¶

Command	Description
`curl -T file.txt ftp://server/path/`	Upload via FTP
`curl -F "file=@upload.txt" url`	HTTP file upload
`curl --upload-file file.txt url`	PUT file upload

Fichiers multiples¶

# Download multiple files
curl -O https://example.com/file1.zip -O https://example.com/file2.zip

# Upload multiple files
curl -F "file1=@doc1.pdf" -F "file2=@doc2.pdf" https://api.example.com/upload

Options avancées¶

Délais et retraits¶

Command	Description
`curl --connect-timeout 10 url`	Connection timeout (seconds)
`curl --max-time 30 url`	Maximum total time
`curl --retry 3 url`	Retry on failure
`curl --retry-delay 5 url`	Delay between retries

Options SSL/TLS¶

Command	Description
`curl -k url`	Ignore SSL certificate errors
`curl --cacert ca.pem url`	Use custom CA certificate
`curl --cert client.pem url`	Use client certificate
`curl --tlsv1.2 url`	Force TLS version

Proxy et réseau¶

Command	Description
`curl --proxy proxy.example.com:8080 url`	Use HTTP proxy
`curl --socks5 proxy.example.com:1080 url`	Use SOCKS5 proxy
`curl --interface eth0 url`	Use specific network interface
`curl --dns-servers 8.8.8.8 url`	Use custom DNS servers

Produit et présentation¶

Contrôle de sortie¶

Command	Description
`curl -s url`	Silent mode (no progress)
`curl -S url`	Show errors even in silent mode
`curl -o /dev/null url`	Discard output
`curl -w "%\\{http_code\\}" url`	Show only HTTP status code

Informations sur la réponse¶

# Get detailed timing information
curl -w "@curl-format.txt" https://example.com

# curl-format.txt content:
#     time_namelookup:  %\\\\{time_namelookup\\\\}\n
#        time_connect:  %\\\\{time_connect\\\\}\n
#     time_appconnect:  %\\\\{time_appconnect\\\\}\n
#    time_pretransfer:  %\\\\{time_pretransfer\\\\}\n
#       time_redirect:  %\\\\{time_redirect\\\\}\n
#  time_starttransfer:  %\\\\{time_starttransfer\\\\}\n
#                     ----------\n
#          time_total:  %\\\\{time_total\\\\}\n

JSON Traitement¶

# Pretty print JSON with jq
curl -s https://api.example.com/users|jq '.'

# Extract specific fields
curl -s https://api.example.com/users|jq '.[]|.name'

# Filter results
curl -s https://api.example.com/users|jq '.[]|select(.age > 25)'

Essais et débogage¶

Essai de l'API¶

# Test REST API endpoints
curl -X GET https://api.example.com/users
curl -X POST -d '\\\\{"name":"John"\\\\}' https://api.example.com/users
curl -X PUT -d '\\\\{"name":"Jane"\\\\}' https://api.example.com/users/1
curl -X DELETE https://api.example.com/users/1

# Test with different content types
curl -H "Accept: application/json" https://api.example.com/users
curl -H "Accept: application/xml" https://api.example.com/users

Essais de performance¶

# Measure response time
curl -w "Total time: %\\\\{time_total\\\\}s\n" -o /dev/null -s https://example.com

# Test multiple requests
for i in \\\\{1..10\\\\}; do
  curl -w "%\\\\{time_total\\\\}\n" -o /dev/null -s https://example.com
done

Gestion des erreurs¶

# Check HTTP status codes
http_code=$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%\\\\{http_code\\\\}" https://example.com)
if [ $http_code -eq 200 ]; then
    echo "Success"
else
    echo "Error: HTTP $http_code"
fi

Configuration et scripts¶

Fichier de configuration¶

# ~/.curlrc configuration file
user-agent = "MyApp/1.0"
connect-timeout = 10
max-time = 30
show-error
silent

Scénarios de masse¶

#!/bin/bash
# API testing script

BASE_URL="https://api.example.com"
API_KEY="your-api-key"

# Function to make authenticated requests
api_request() \\\\{
    local method=$1
    local endpoint=$2
    local data=$3

    curl -X "$method" \
         -H "Authorization: Bearer $API_KEY" \
         -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
         $\\\\{data:+-d "$data"\\\\} \
         "$BASE_URL$endpoint"
\\\\}

# Usage examples
api_request GET "/users"
api_request POST "/users" '\\\\{"name":"John","email":"john@example.com"\\\\}'

Pratiques exemplaires en matière de sécurité¶

Authentification sécurisée¶

# Use environment variables for sensitive data
export API_TOKEN="your-secret-token"
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $API_TOKEN" https://api.example.com

# Read credentials from file
curl -K credentials.txt https://api.example.com

# credentials.txt:
# header = "Authorization: Bearer your-token"

Vérification du certificat¶

# Always verify SSL certificates in production
curl --cacert /path/to/ca-bundle.crt https://api.example.com

# For development only (not recommended for production)
curl -k https://self-signed.example.com

Cas d'utilisation courante¶

Scraping Web¶

# Download webpage
curl -L https://example.com > page.html

# Follow redirects and save cookies
curl -L -c cookies.txt -b cookies.txt https://example.com

# Set user agent to avoid blocking
curl -H "User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; bot)" https://example.com

Intégration de l'API¶

# GitHub API example
curl -H "Authorization: token your-github-token" \
     https://api.github.com/user/repos

# Weather API example
curl "https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=London&appid=your-api-key"

# Slack webhook example
curl -X POST \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
     -d '\\\\{"text":"Hello from curl!"\\\\}' \
     https://hooks.slack.com/services/YOUR/SLACK/WEBHOOK

Transfert de fichiers¶

# Upload to cloud storage
curl -X PUT \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
     --upload-file document.pdf \
     https://api.storage.com/files/document.pdf

# Download with progress bar
curl --progress-bar -O https://example.com/largefile.zip

Dépannage¶

Questions communes¶

Problem	Solution
SSL certificate errors	Use `-k` for testing, fix certificates for production
Connection timeout	Increase `--connect-timeout` value
Slow downloads	Use `--limit-rate` to control bandwidth
Authentication failures	Check credentials and authentication method

Débogage des commandes¶

# Verbose output for debugging
curl -v https://example.com

# Trace all network activity
curl --trace trace.txt https://example.com

# Show only headers
curl -I https://example.com

# Test connectivity
curl -I --connect-timeout 5 https://example.com