curl - Client HTTP et Transfert de Données

Commandes curl complètes pour les requêtes HTTP, les tests d’API et le transfert de données sur toutes les plateformes.

Requêtes HTTP de Base

Requêtes GET

Commande	Description
curl https://api.example.com	Requête GET de base
curl -v https://api.example.com	Sortie verbeuse avec en-têtes
curl -i https://api.example.com	Inclure les en-têtes de réponse
curl -I https://api.example.com	Requête HEAD uniquement
curl -L https://example.com	Suivre les redirections

Requêtes POST

Commande	Description
curl -X POST https://api.example.com	Requête POST de base
curl -d "data" https://api.example.com	POST avec des données
curl -d @file.json https://api.example.com	Données POST à partir d’un fichier
curl -F "file=@upload.txt" https://api.example.com	Téléchargement de fichier

Autres Méthodes HTTP

Commande	Description
curl -X PUT -d "data" https://api.example.com	Requête PUT
curl -X DELETE https://api.example.com/item/1	Requête DELETE
curl -X PATCH -d "data" https://api.example.com	Requête PATCH

En-têtes et Authentification

En-têtes Personnalisés

Commande	Description
curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" url	Définir le type de contenu
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer token" url	Authentification par token Bearer
curl -H "User-Agent: MyApp/1.0" url	Agent utilisateur personnalisé
curl -H "Accept: application/xml" url	En-tête Accept

Méthodes d’Authentification

Commande	Description
curl -u username:password url	Authentification de base
curl -u username url	Demander un mot de passe
curl --oauth2-bearer token url	Jeton porteur OAuth2
curl --digest -u user:pass url	Authentification Digest

Authentification par Clé API

# API key in header
curl -H "X-API-Key: your-api-key" https://api.example.com

# API key in query parameter
curl "https://api.example.com?api_key=your-api-key"

# Multiple headers
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
     https://api.example.com

Formats de Données

Données JSON

# POST JSON data
curl -X POST \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
     -d '\\\\{"name":"John","age":30\\\\}' \
     https://api.example.com/users

# JSON from file
curl -X POST \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
     -d @data.json \
     https://api.example.com/users

Données de Formulaire

# URL-encoded form data
curl -d "name=John&age=30" https://api.example.com/users

# Multipart form data
curl -F "name=John" -F "age=30" https://api.example.com/users

# File upload with form data
curl -F "file=@document.pdf" \
     -F "description=Important document" \
     https://api.example.com/upload

Données XML

# POST XML data
curl -X POST \
     -H "Content-Type: application/xml" \
     -d '<user><name>John</name><age>30</age></user>' \
     https://api.example.com/users

Opérations sur Fichiers

Télécharger des Fichiers

Commande	Description
curl -O https://example.com/file.zip	Télécharger avec le nom original
curl -o myfile.zip https://example.com/file.zip	Télécharger avec un nom personnalisé
curl -C - -O https://example.com/file.zip	Reprendre le téléchargement interrompu
curl --limit-rate 100k -O url	Limiter la vitesse de téléchargement

Téléverser des Fichiers

Commande	Description
curl -T file.txt ftp://server/path/	Télécharger via FTP
curl -F "file=@upload.txt" url	Téléchargement de fichier HTTP
curl --upload-file file.txt url	PUT téléchargement de fichier

Fichiers Multiples

# Download multiple files
curl -O https://example.com/file1.zip -O https://example.com/file2.zip

# Upload multiple files
curl -F "file1=@doc1.pdf" -F "file2=@doc2.pdf" https://api.example.com/upload

Options Avancées

Délais et Tentatives

Commande	Description
curl --connect-timeout 10 url	Délai de connexion (secondes)
curl --max-time 30 url	Temps total maximum
curl --retry 3 url	Réessayer en cas d’échec
curl --retry-delay 5 url	Délai entre les tentatives

Options SSL/TLS

Commande	Description
curl -k url	Ignorer les erreurs de certificat SSL
curl --cacert ca.pem url	Utiliser un certificat CA personnalisé
curl --cert client.pem url	Utiliser le certificat client
curl --tlsv1.2 url	Forcer la version TLS

Proxy et Réseau

Commande	Description
curl --proxy proxy.example.com:8080 url	Utiliser un proxy HTTP
curl --socks5 proxy.example.com:1080 url	Utiliser un proxy SOCKS5
curl --interface eth0 url	Utiliser une interface réseau spécifique
curl --dns-servers 8.8.8.8 url	Utiliser des serveurs DNS personnalisés

Sortie et Formatage

Contrôle de Sortie

Commande	Description
curl -s url	Mode silencieux (aucune progression)
curl -S url	Afficher les erreurs même en mode silencieux
curl -o /dev/null url	Ignorer la sortie
curl -w "%\\{http_code\\}" url	Afficher uniquement le code de statut HTTP

Informations de Réponse

# Get detailed timing information
curl -w "@curl-format.txt" https://example.com

# curl-format.txt content:
#     time_namelookup:  %\\\\{time_namelookup\\\\}\n
#        time_connect:  %\\\\{time_connect\\\\}\n
#     time_appconnect:  %\\\\{time_appconnect\\\\}\n
#    time_pretransfer:  %\\\\{time_pretransfer\\\\}\n
#       time_redirect:  %\\\\{time_redirect\\\\}\n
#  time_starttransfer:  %\\\\{time_starttransfer\\\\}\n
#                     ----------\n
#          time_total:  %\\\\{time_total\\\\}\n

Traitement JSON

# Pretty print JSON with jq
curl -s https://api.example.com/users|jq '.'

# Extract specific fields
curl -s https://api.example.com/users|jq '.[]|.name'

# Filter results
curl -s https://api.example.com/users|jq '.[]|select(.age > 25)'

Tests et Débogage

Tests d’API

Would you like me to continue with the remaining sections or provide translations for the specific sections you mentioned?```bash

Test REST API endpoints

curl -X GET https://api.example.com/users curl -X POST -d ’\\{“name”:“John”\\}’ https://api.example.com/users curl -X PUT -d ’\\{“name”:“Jane”\\}’ https://api.example.com/users/1 curl -X DELETE https://api.example.com/users/1

Test with different content types

curl -H “Accept: application/json” https://api.example.com/users curl -H “Accept: application/xml” https://api.example.com/users

```bash
# Measure response time
curl -w "Total time: %\\\\{time_total\\\\}s\n" -o /dev/null -s https://example.com

# Test multiple requests
for i in \\\\{1..10\\\\}; do
  curl -w "%\\\\{time_total\\\\}\n" -o /dev/null -s https://example.com
done
```### Gestion des Erreurs
```bash
# Check HTTP status codes
http_code=$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%\\\\{http_code\\\\}" https://example.com)
if [ $http_code -eq 200 ]; then
    echo "Success"
else
    echo "Error: HTTP $http_code"
fi
```## Configuration et Scripts
```bash
# ~/.curlrc configuration file
user-agent = "MyApp/1.0"
connect-timeout = 10
max-time = 30
show-error
silent
```### Fichier de Configuration
```bash
#!/bin/bash
# API testing script

BASE_URL="https://api.example.com"
API_KEY="your-api-key"

# Function to make authenticated requests
api_request() \\\\{
    local method=$1
    local endpoint=$2
    local data=$3

    curl -X "$method" \
         -H "Authorization: Bearer $API_KEY" \
         -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
         $\\\\{data:+-d "$data"\\\\} \
         "$BASE_URL$endpoint"
\\\\}

# Usage examples
api_request GET "/users"
api_request POST "/users" '\\\\{"name":"John","email":"john@example.com"\\\\}'
```### Scripting Bash
```bash
# Use environment variables for sensitive data
export API_TOKEN="your-secret-token"
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $API_TOKEN" https://api.example.com

# Read credentials from file
curl -K credentials.txt https://api.example.com

# credentials.txt:
# header = "Authorization: Bearer your-token"
```## Meilleures Pratiques de Sécurité
```bash
# Always verify SSL certificates in production
curl --cacert /path/to/ca-bundle.crt https://api.example.com

# For development only (not recommended for production)
curl -k https://self-signed.example.com
```### Authentification Sécurisée
```bash
# Download webpage
curl -L https://example.com > page.html

# Follow redirects and save cookies
curl -L -c cookies.txt -b cookies.txt https://example.com

# Set user agent to avoid blocking
curl -H "User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; bot)" https://example.com
```### Vérification de Certificat
```bash
# GitHub API example
curl -H "Authorization: token your-github-token" \
     https://api.github.com/user/repos

# Weather API example
curl "https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=London&appid=your-api-key"

# Slack webhook example
curl -X POST \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
     -d '\\\\{"text":"Hello from curl!"\\\\}' \
     https://hooks.slack.com/services/YOUR/SLACK/WEBHOOK
```## Cas d'Utilisation Courants
```bash
# Upload to cloud storage
curl -X PUT \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer token" \
     --upload-file document.pdf \
     https://api.storage.com/files/document.pdf

# Download with progress bar
curl --progress-bar -O https://example.com/largefile.zip
```### Scraping Web

| Problème | Solution |
|---------|----------|
| SSL certificate errors | Use `-k` for testing, fix certificates for production |
| Connection timeout | Increase `--connect-timeout` value |
| Slow downloads | Use `--limit-rate` to control bandwidth |
| Authentication failures | Vérifier les identifiants et la méthode d'authentification |### Intégration d'API
```bash
# Verbose output for debugging
curl -v https://example.com

# Trace all network activity
curl --trace trace.txt https://example.com

# Show only headers
curl -I https://example.com

# Test connectivity
curl -I --connect-timeout 5 https://example.com