Nslookup - DNS Lookup y solución de problemas

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Sinopsis

nslookup es una herramienta de administración de red de línea de comandos para consultar el sistema de nombres de dominio (DNS) para obtener nombre de dominio o cartografía de direcciones IP, u otros registros DNS. Está disponible en la mayoría de los sistemas operativos y es esencial para la solución de problemas DNS y el diagnóstico de red.

Sintaxis básica

# Non-interactive mode
nslookup [options] [name] [server]

# Interactive mode
nslookup
nslookup -
nslookup - [server]

Comandos esenciales

Basic DNS Lookups

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# Look up A record (IPv4 address)
nslookup google.com

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup google.com")' class="copy-btn">'Copy:

# Look up using specific DNS server
nslookup google.com 8.8.8.8

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup google.com 8.8.8.8")' class="copy-btn">Copiar

# Reverse DNS lookup (IP to domain)
nslookup 8.8.8.8

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup 8.8.8.8")' class="copy-btn">'Copy:

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Tipo de registro Consultas

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# A record (IPv4 address)
nslookup -type=A google.com

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup -type=A google.com")' class="copy-btn">Copiar

# AAAA record (IPv6 address)
nslookup -type=AAAA google.com

'<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup -type=AAAA google.com")' class="copy-btn">Copy:

# MX record (Mail Exchange)
nslookup -type=MX google.com

'<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup -type=MX google.com")' class="copy-btn">Copy:

# NS record (Name Server)
nslookup -type=NS google.com

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup -type=NS google.com")' class="copy-btn">'Copy:

# TXT record (Text records)
nslookup -type=TXT google.com

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup -type=TXT google.com")' class="copy-btn">Copy

# CNAME record (Canonical Name)
nslookup -type=CNAME www.google.com

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup -type=CNAME www.google.com")' class="copy-btn">'Copy:

# SOA record (Start of Authority)
nslookup -type=SOA google.com

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup -type=SOA google.com")' class="copy-btn">'Copy:

# PTR record (Pointer for reverse lookup)
nslookup -type=PTR 8.8.8.8

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup -type=PTR 8.8.8.8")' class="copy-btn">Copiar

# ANY record (All available records)
nslookup -type=ANY google.com

'<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup -type=ANY google.com")' class="copy-btn">Copy:

# SRV record (Service record)
nslookup -type=SRV _sip._tcp.example.com

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup -type=SRV _sip._tcp.example.com")' class="copy-btn">Copiar

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Modo interactivo

Inicio Interactivo Modo

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# Enter interactive mode
nslookup

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup")' class="copy-btn">'Copy:

# Enter interactive mode with specific server
nslookup - 8.8.8.8

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup - 8.8.8.8")' class="copy-btn">Copiar

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Comandos de Modo Interactivo

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# Change DNS server
server 8.8.8.8

'__CODE_BLOCK_62_'Copy:

# Set query type to MX
set type=MX

'_<button @click='copyCommand("set type=MX")' class="copy-btn">Copiar

# Set query type to NS
set type=NS

'_<button @click='copyCommand("set type=NS")' class="copy-btn">'Copy:

# Enable debug mode
set debug

'_<button @click='copyCommand("set debug")' class="copy-btn">Copiar

# Disable debug mode
set nodebug

'_<button @click='copyCommand("set nodebug")' class="copy-btn">'Copy:

# Show all current settings
set all

'_<button @click='copyCommand("set all")' class="copy-btn">Copiar

# Exit interactive mode
exit

'_<button @click='copyCommand("exit")' class="copy-btn">Copy

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Opciones avanzadas

Depuración y solución de problemas

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# Enable debug output
nslookup -debug google.com

'<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup -debug google.com")' class="copy-btn">Copy:

# Specify custom port
nslookup -port=53 google.com

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup -port=53 google.com")' class="copy-btn">'Copy:

# Set timeout (seconds)
nslookup -timeout=10 google.com

'<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup -timeout=10 google.com")' class="copy-btn">Copy:

# Set retry attempts
nslookup -retry=3 google.com

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup -retry=3 google.com")' class="copy-btn">Copiar

# Use recursive query
nslookup -recurse google.com

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup -recurse google.com")' class="copy-btn">'Copy:

# Disable recursive query
nslookup -norecurse google.com

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup -norecurse google.com")' class="copy-btn">Copiar

# Use TCP instead of UDP
nslookup -vc google.com

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup -vc google.com")' class="copy-btn">'Copy:

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Popular DNS Servidores

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# Google DNS
nslookup google.com 8.8.8.8

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup google.com 8.8.8.8")' class="copy-btn">'Copy:

# Cloudflare DNS
nslookup google.com 1.1.1.1

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup google.com 1.1.1.1")' class="copy-btn">Copiar

# OpenDNS
nslookup google.com 208.67.222.222

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup google.com 208.67.222.222")' class="copy-btn">'Copy:

# Quad9 DNS
nslookup google.com 9.9.9.9

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup google.com 9.9.9.9")' class="copy-btn">Copiar

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Casos de uso común

Solución de problemas del servidor electrónico

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# Check MX records for email routing
nslookup -type=MX example.com

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup -type=MX example.com")' class="copy-btn">'Copy:

# Verify mail server IP
nslookup mail.example.com

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup mail.example.com")' class="copy-btn">'Copy:

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Verificación de dominio

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# Check domain ownership via TXT records
nslookup -type=TXT example.com

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup -type=TXT example.com")' class="copy-btn">Copiar

# Verify SPF records
nslookup -type=TXT example.com|grep "v=spf1"

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup -type=TXT example.com|grep \"v=spf1\"")' class="copy-btn">'Copy:

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Diagnósticos de red

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# Check authoritative name servers
nslookup -type=NS example.com

'__CODE_BLOCK_84_'Copy:

# Verify reverse DNS
nslookup 192.168.1.1

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup 192.168.1.1")' class="copy-btn">Copy

# Check domain authority info
nslookup -type=SOA example.com

'_<button @click='copyCommand("nslookup -type=SOA example.com")' class="copy-btn">'Copy:

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Batch Operations

Múltiples consultas

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# Query multiple domains from file
nslookup -type=A ``< domains.txt

Button @click='copyCommand("nslookup -type=A Identificar dominios.txt")' class="copy-btn"

# Pipe domain to nslookup
echo "google.com"|nslookup
```_
'`<button @click='copyCommand("echo \"google.com\"|nslookup")' class="copy-btn">`Copy:

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## Mensajes de error

|Error|Meaning|
|-------|---------|
|`** server can't find domain: NXDOMAIN`|Domain doesn't exist|
|`** server can't find domain: SERVFAIL`|DNS server failure|
|`** server can't find domain: REFUSED`|Query refused by server|
|`** Request timed out`|No response from DNS server|
|`** No response from server`|DNS server unreachable|

## Instalación

### Linux (Ubuntu/Debian)
```bash
sudo apt-get install dnsutils

Linux (CentOS/RHEL/Fedora)

sudo yum install bind-utils
# or
sudo dnf install bind-utils

Windows

nslookup viene pre-instalado con Windows.

macOS

Nslookup viene pre-instalado con macOS.

Consejos y mejores prácticas

Use servidores DNS específicos para la prueba para evitar resultados caché
Modo de depuración habilitable cuando problemas complejos
Comprobar múltiples tipos de registro para el análisis de dominios completo
Utilizar búsquedas inversas para verificar la propiedad de la dirección IP
Comparar resultados de diferentes servidores DNS para identificar incoherencias
Modo interactivo es útil para múltiples consultas en el mismo servidor
Combine con otras herramientas como cava y host para el análisis DNS completo

Comandos relacionados

dig - Herramienta de búsqueda DNS más detallada
host - Simple utilidad de búsqueda de DNS
ping_ - Conectividad de red de pruebas
traceroute_ - Trace network path
whois - Información de registro de dominios