Mac Terminal (Terminal.app) - macOS Native Terminal
*Ultima referencia macOS Terminal.app para características nativas, AppleScript y productividad *
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Terminal.app es el emulador terminal incorporado para macOS, proporcionando una profunda integración con el sistema operativo y ofreciendo características como la automatización AppleScript, el soporte de Touch Bar y la integración perfecta con los servicios de macOS. Aunque puede no tener las características avanzadas de terminales de terceros, Terminal. app destaca en confiabilidad, integración nativa de macOS y facilidad de uso. Esta hoja de trampolín completa cubre atajos esenciales, opciones de personalización y funciones avanzadas para maximizar su productividad con MacOS Terminal.
Comienzo
Terminal de apertura
# Launch methods
Cmd+Space → "Terminal" # Spotlight search
Applications → Utilities → Terminal # Finder navigation
Launchpad → Other → Terminal # Launchpad
/Applications/Utilities/Terminal.app # Direct path
# Quick access setup
# Dock: Drag Terminal to Dock for quick access
# Desktop: Create alias on Desktop
Gestión básica de ventana
# New window/tab
Cmd+N # New window
Cmd+T # New tab
Cmd+Shift+N # New window with same command
# Close window/tab
Cmd+W # Close current tab
Cmd+Shift+W # Close current window
Cmd+Q # Quit Terminal
# Navigate tabs
Cmd+Shift+Left/Right # Previous/next tab
Cmd+1-9 # Jump to tab number
Cmd+\\\\{/\\\\} # Previous/next tab (alternative)
Atajos de teclado esenciales
Operaciones de texto
# Copy/Paste
Cmd+C # Copy selected text
Cmd+V # Paste
Cmd+Shift+V # Paste escaped text
Cmd+Option+V # Paste selection
# Selection
Double-click # Select word
Triple-click # Select line
Cmd+A # Select all
Shift+Arrow # Extend selection
# Find and Replace
Cmd+F # Find
Cmd+G # Find next
Cmd+Shift+G # Find previous
Cmd+E # Use selection for find
Navegación y hundimiento
# Scrolling
Page Up/Down # Page scroll
Cmd+Up/Down # Scroll to top/bottom
Cmd+Left/Right # Scroll to beginning/end of line
# History navigation
Cmd+R # Show previous command in history
Up/Down arrows # Command history
Ctrl+R # Reverse search history
# Screen management
Cmd+K # Clear screen
Cmd+L # Clear screen (alternative)
Ctrl+L # Clear screen (shell command)
Fuente y pantalla
# Font size
Cmd+Plus # Increase font size
Cmd+Minus # Decrease font size
Cmd+0 # Reset to default size
# Window management
Cmd+M # Minimize window
Cmd+H # Hide Terminal
Cmd+Option+H # Hide other applications
F11 # Toggle full screen
Perfiles y personalización
Gestión del perfil
# Access profiles
Terminal → Preferences → Profiles # Profile settings
Cmd+, # Open preferences
# Profile operations
# Duplicate profile: Select profile → Gear icon → Duplicate
# Import profile: Gear icon → Import
# Export profile: Gear icon → Export
# Set default profile
# Select profile → Default button
Creación de perfiles personalizados
# Profile settings categories
Text:
- Font family, size, and style
- Character and line spacing
- Text rendering options
- Cursor style and blinking
Window:
- Window size and position
- Background color and opacity
- Background image
- Blur and vibrancy effects
Shell:
- Startup command
- Working directory
- Environment variables
- Shell exit behavior
Keyboard:
- Key mappings
- Option key behavior
- Function key behavior
- Delete key behavior
Advanced:
- Terminal type (TERM variable)
- Character encoding
- Scrollback buffer size
- Bell settings
Configuraciones de perfil popular
# Development Profile
Name: Development
Font: SF Mono, 14pt
Background: Dark gray (#1e1e1e)
Text: Light gray (#d4d4d4)
Cursor: Block, blinking
Scrollback: 10000 lines
Working Directory: ~/Development
# Server Profile
Name: Server
Font: Menlo, 12pt
Background: Black
Text: Green (#00ff00)
Cursor: Underline
Bell: Visual bell only
Title: Server - %host%
# Presentation Profile
Name: Presentation
Font: SF Mono, 18pt
Background: White
Text: Black
Cursor: Block, non-blinking
Window: Large (120x40)
Características avanzadas
Integración AppleScript
-- Basic Terminal control
tell application "Terminal"
activate
do script "ls -la"
end tell
-- Create new window with command
tell application "Terminal"
do script "cd ~/Documents && ls" in window 1
end tell
-- Multiple commands
tell application "Terminal"
set newTab to do script "cd ~/Projects"
do script "git status" in newTab
do script "npm start" in newTab
end tell
-- Window management
tell application "Terminal"
set bounds of front window to \\\\{100, 100, 800, 600\\\\}
set background color of front window to \\\\{0, 0, 0\\\\}
end tell
-- Profile switching
tell application "Terminal"
set current settings of front window to settings set "Pro"
end tell
Scripts de automatización
# Create Terminal automation script
#!/usr/bin/osascript
tell application "Terminal"
activate
-- Development environment setup
set devTab to do script "cd ~/Development"
do script "git status" in devTab
-- Start development server
set serverTab to do script "cd ~/Development/myapp"
do script "npm start" in serverTab
-- Open logs
set logTab to do script "cd ~/Development/myapp"
do script "tail -f logs/app.log" in logTab
end tell
# Save as .scpt file and run with:
osascript development-setup.scpt
Touch Bar Support
# Touch Bar customization (macOS with Touch Bar)
# Available in Terminal → View → Customize Touch Bar
# Default Touch Bar items
- New Tab
- Split View
- Profiles
- Font Size
- Full Screen
# Custom Touch Bar setup
1. View → Customize Touch Bar
2. Drag desired items to Touch Bar
3. Arrange in preferred order
4. Click Done
Integración de servicios
# macOS Services with Terminal
# Available in any app: App Menu → Services
# New Terminal at Folder
# Right-click folder in Finder → Services → New Terminal at Folder
# New Terminal Tab at Folder
# Right-click folder in Finder → Services → New Terminal Tab at Folder
# Custom services (Automator)
1. Open Automator
2. New → Service
3. Add "Run Shell Script" action
4. Set input to "files or folders"
5. Save service
Integración Shell
Configuración de Shell
# Default shell settings
# Terminal → Preferences → General → Shells open with
Options:
- Default login shell (/bin/zsh)
- Command: /bin/bash
- Command: /usr/local/bin/fish
# Shell-specific configurations
# Zsh (default macOS shell)
~/.zshrc # Zsh configuration
~/.zprofile # Zsh login configuration
# Bash
~/.bash_profile # Bash login configuration
~/.bashrc # Bash configuration
# Environment variables
export TERM=xterm-256color # Terminal type
export CLICOLOR=1 # Enable colors
export LSCOLORS=ExFxBxDxCxegedabagacad # ls colors
Prompt Customization
# Zsh prompt (in ~/.zshrc)
# Simple prompt
PS1="%n@%m %1~ %# "
# Colorful prompt
PS1="%F\\\\{green\\\\}%n@%m%f %F\\\\{blue\\\\}%1~%f %# "
# Git-aware prompt
autoload -Uz vcs_info
precmd() \\\\{ vcs_info \\\\}
zstyle ':vcs_info:git:*' formats ' (%b)'
setopt PROMPT_SUBST
PS1='%F\\\\{green\\\\}%n@%m%f %F\\\\{blue\\\\}%1~%f%F\\\\{red\\\\}$\\\\{vcs_info_msg_0_\\\\}%f %# '
# Bash prompt (in ~/.bash_profile)
export PS1="\u@\h \W $ "
# Colorful bash prompt
export PS1="\[\033[32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\] \[\033[34m\]\W\[\033[00m\] $ "
Ventana y Gestión de Tab
Operaciones de ventana
# Window creation
Cmd+N # New window
Cmd+Shift+N # New window with same command
Option+Cmd+N # New window with same working directory
# Window arrangement
Window → Arrange in Front # Bring all windows forward
Window → Merge All Windows # Combine windows into tabs
# Split view (macOS)
View → Show Tab Bar # Show tab bar
Drag tab out of window # Create new window
Drag tab to another window # Merge windows
Tab Management
# Tab operations
Cmd+T # New tab
Cmd+W # Close tab
Cmd+Shift+W # Close window
# Tab navigation
Cmd+Shift+Left/Right # Previous/next tab
Cmd+1-9 # Jump to tab number
Cmd+\\\\{/\\\\} # Previous/next tab
# Tab customization
# Right-click tab → Rename Tab
# Right-click tab → Duplicate Tab
# Right-click tab → Move Tab to New Window
Inspector y Debugging
# Terminal Inspector
Shell → Show Inspector # Show window inspector
Cmd+I # Toggle inspector
# Inspector information
- Process information
- Window dimensions
- Character encoding
- Terminal type
- Working directory
- Command history
# Debug information
View → Show Tab Bar # Show tab information
View → Show All Tabs # Show all tab titles
Personalización y temas
Esquemas de color
# Built-in themes
- Basic
- Pro (dark theme)
- Grass (green on black)
- Homebrew (amber on black)
- Man Page (black on white)
- Novel (sepia tones)
- Ocean (blue theme)
- Red Sands (red theme)
- Silver Aerogel (light theme)
- Solid Colors (various solid backgrounds)
# Custom color configuration
Terminal → Preferences → Profiles → [Profile] → Text
- Text color
- Bold text color
- Background color
- Selection color
- Cursor color
Configuración de fuentes
# Font settings
Terminal → Preferences → Profiles → [Profile] → Text
# Recommended fonts for programming
- SF Mono (system default)
- Menlo (classic macOS)
- Monaco (classic Mac)
- JetBrains Mono (with ligatures)
- Fira Code (with ligatures)
- Source Code Pro
- Inconsolata
# Font features
- Font family and size
- Character spacing
- Line spacing
- Anti-aliasing
- Use bold fonts
- Allow blinking text
Personalización
# Background options
Terminal → Preferences → Profiles → [Profile] → Window
# Background types
- Solid color
- Color and transparency
- Background image
- Built-in patterns
# Transparency effects
- Opacity slider (0-100%)
- Blur background
- Use vibrancy (macOS visual effects)
# Background image settings
- Image file selection
- Scaling options (Stretch, Tile, Center, etc.)
- Image opacity
Características de seguridad
Entrada segura del teclado
# Enable secure input
Terminal → Secure Keyboard Entry # Toggle secure input
# When enabled:
- Prevents other applications from reading keystrokes
- Useful for entering passwords
- Indicated by lock icon in menu bar
- Automatically disabled when Terminal loses focus
Perfil de seguridad
# Secure profile settings
Terminal → Preferences → Profiles → [Profile] → Shell
# Security options
- Prompt before closing if processes are running
- Prompt before closing if shell is running
- Ask before closing terminal
- Warn when shell exits abnormally
# Environment security
- Avoid storing sensitive data in environment variables
- Use secure methods for credential storage
- Regular profile cleanup
Integración con macOS
Integración del Finder
# Open Terminal from Finder
# Enable: System Preferences → Keyboard → Shortcuts → Services
# Check "New Terminal at Folder" and "New Terminal Tab at Folder"
# Usage
Right-click folder → Services → New Terminal at Folder
Right-click folder → Services → New Terminal Tab at Folder
# Custom Finder toolbar
1. View → Customize Toolbar in Finder
2. Drag Terminal icon to toolbar
3. Click folder, then Terminal icon
Integración Spotlight
# Terminal in Spotlight
Cmd+Space → "Terminal" # Launch Terminal
Cmd+Space → "term" # Quick launch
# Index Terminal content
# Terminal history is not indexed by Spotlight
# Use shell history search instead (Ctrl+R)
Centro de notificación
# Terminal notifications
# Configure in System Preferences → Notifications → Terminal
# Notification triggers
- Process completion (long-running commands)
- Bell character (ASCII 7)
- Custom notifications via osascript
# Custom notification script
#!/bin/bash
osascript -e 'display notification "Command completed" with title "Terminal"'
Solución de problemas
Cuestiones comunes
# Font rendering problems
# Try different fonts or adjust anti-aliasing
Terminal → Preferences → Profiles → Text → Font
# Color display issues
# Check color profile and terminal type
echo $TERM # Should show xterm-256color
export TERM=xterm-256color # Set if needed
# Keyboard input problems
# Reset keyboard settings
Terminal → Preferences → Profiles → Keyboard → Restore Defaults
# Performance issues
# Reduce scrollback buffer
Terminal → Preferences → Profiles → Advanced → Scrollback
Reset y recuperación
# Reset Terminal preferences
# Quit Terminal completely
rm ~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.Terminal.plist
# Restart Terminal
# Reset specific profile
Terminal → Preferences → Profiles → [Profile] → Restore Defaults
# Clear Terminal history
history -c # Clear current session
rm ~/.zsh_history # Clear zsh history (if using zsh)
rm ~/.bash_history # Clear bash history (if using bash)
Modo de depuración
# Enable debug logging
# Add to shell configuration file
export TERM_DEBUG=1
# View system logs
Console.app → System Reports → Terminal
# Terminal crash logs
~/Library/Logs/DiagnosticReports/Terminal_*
Consejos y mejores prácticas
Consejos de productividad
# Quick profile switching
# Create keyboard shortcuts for different profiles
# System Preferences → Keyboard → Shortcuts → App Shortcuts
# Add shortcuts for Terminal → Shell → New Window/Tab → [Profile]
# Efficient tab management
# Use descriptive tab titles
# Right-click tab → Rename Tab
# Use Cmd+1-9 for quick tab switching
# Command history optimization
# Increase history size in shell configuration
export HISTSIZE=10000 # Number of commands in memory
export HISTFILESIZE=20000 # Number of commands in history file
Integración del flujo de trabajo
# Development workflow
# Create profiles for different projects
# Use AppleScript for environment setup
# Integrate with version control systems
# System administration
# Create secure profiles for server access
# Use key-based authentication
# Implement logging and audit trails
# Automation
# Use shell functions for common tasks
# Create aliases for frequently used commands
# Implement custom services for Finder integration
Prácticas óptimas de personalización
# Profile organization
# Create profiles for different purposes
# Use descriptive names
# Export profiles for backup
# Color scheme selection
# Choose high contrast for readability
# Consider accessibility requirements
# Test in different lighting conditions
# Font selection
# Use monospace fonts for programming
# Consider font size for screen resolution
# Enable ligatures for modern coding fonts
Terminal.app ofrece una experiencia terminal sólida y fiable que se integra perfectamente con macOS. Aunque puede carecer de algunas características avanzadas encontradas en terminales de terceros, su integración nativa, el soporte de AppleScript y las opciones de personalización robustas hacen que sea una opción excelente para los usuarios de Mac que valoran la simplicidad y la integración del sistema. La profunda integración de macOS, combinada con características como el apoyo de Touch Bar y la integración de Servicios, crea un flujo de trabajo cohesivo que se siente natural dentro del ecosistema de Apple.