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Linux File Management Cheat Sheet

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Sinopsis

La gestión de archivos Linux abarca los comandos y técnicas esenciales para navegar, organizar y manipular archivos y directorios en sistemas Linux. Esta guía completa cubre todo desde navegación básica hasta operaciones avanzadas de archivos, gestión de permisos y estrategias de organización de sistemas de archivos que cada profesional de TI necesita dominar.

NOVEDAD Advertencia: Las operaciones de archivos como rm -rf pueden eliminar permanentemente los datos. Siempre verifique sus comandos y mantenga copias de seguridad de archivos críticos.

Comandos de navegación

# Print current working directory
pwd

# List directory contents
ls
ls -la          # Detailed listing with hidden files
ls -lh          # Human-readable file sizes
ls -lt          # Sort by modification time
ls -lS          # Sort by file size

# Change directory
cd /path/to/directory
cd ~            # Go to home directory
cd -            # Go to previous directory
cd ..           # Go up one directory level
cd ../..        # Go up two directory levels

# Find files and directories
find /path -name "filename"
find . -type f -name "*.log"
find /home -user username
find . -size +100M
find . -mtime -7    # Modified in last 7 days

# Locate files using database
locate filename
updatedb           # Update locate database

# Which command shows path of executable
which command_name
whereis command_name

Operaciones de directorio

Crear directorios

# Create single directory
mkdir directory_name

# Create nested directories
mkdir -p path/to/nested/directories

# Create multiple directories
mkdir dir1 dir2 dir3

# Create directory with specific permissions
mkdir -m 755 directory_name

Removing Directories

# Remove empty directory
rmdir directory_name

# Remove directory and contents (dangerous!)
rm -rf directory_name

# Remove multiple empty directories
rmdir dir1 dir2 dir3

# Interactive removal
rm -ri directory_name

Operaciones de archivo

Crear archivos

# Create empty file
touch filename

# Create multiple files
touch file1 file2 file3

# Create file with specific timestamp
touch -t 202501011200 filename

# Create file and add content
echo "content" > filename
cat > filename << EOF
Multiple lines
of content
EOF

Copiar archivos

# Copy file
cp source_file destination_file

# Copy file to directory
cp file /path/to/directory/

# Copy multiple files
cp file1 file2 file3 /destination/

# Copy directory recursively
cp -r source_directory destination_directory

# Copy preserving attributes
cp -p source_file destination_file

# Copy only if newer
cp -u source_file destination_file

# Interactive copy (prompt before overwrite)
cp -i source_file destination_file

# Verbose copy
cp -v source_file destination_file

Moving and Renaming Files

# Move/rename file
mv old_name new_name

# Move file to directory
mv file /path/to/directory/

# Move multiple files
mv file1 file2 file3 /destination/

# Interactive move
mv -i source destination

# Verbose move
mv -v source destination

# Backup before overwrite
mv -b source destination

Eliminar archivos

# Remove file
rm filename

# Remove multiple files
rm file1 file2 file3

# Remove with confirmation
rm -i filename

# Force remove (no confirmation)
rm -f filename

# Remove files matching pattern
rm *.tmp
rm -f /tmp/*.log

# Verbose removal
rm -v filename

Permisos de archivo y propiedad

Comprender las permisos

# View file permissions
ls -l filename

# Permission format: drwxrwxrwx
# d = directory, - = file
# rwx = read, write, execute for owner
# rwx = read, write, execute for group
# rwx = read, write, execute for others

Cambio de permisos

# Numeric permissions
chmod 755 filename      # rwxr-xr-x
chmod 644 filename      # rw-r--r--
chmod 600 filename      # rw-------
chmod 777 filename      # rwxrwxrwx

# Symbolic permissions
chmod u+x filename      # Add execute for owner
chmod g-w filename      # Remove write for group
chmod o=r filename      # Set others to read only
chmod a+r filename      # Add read for all

# Recursive permissions
chmod -R 755 directory/

# Copy permissions from another file
chmod --reference=file1 file2

Cambiar la propiedad

# Change owner
chown username filename
chown username:groupname filename

# Change group only
chgrp groupname filename

# Recursive ownership change
chown -R username:groupname directory/

# Change ownership to current user
chown $USER filename

Enlace de archivos

Enlaces difíciles

# Create hard link
ln source_file link_name

# View link count
ls -l filename

# Find all hard links to a file
find / -samefile filename

Enlaces simbólicos

# Create symbolic link
ln -s /path/to/source link_name

# Create symbolic link in different directory
ln -s /full/path/to/source /path/to/link

# View symbolic link target
ls -l link_name
readlink link_name

# Remove symbolic link
rm link_name
unlink link_name

Operaciones de contenido de archivos

Ver contenido de archivo

# Display entire file
cat filename

# Display with line numbers
cat -n filename

# Display file page by page
less filename
more filename

# Display first lines
head filename
head -n 20 filename

# Display last lines
tail filename
tail -n 20 filename
tail -f filename        # Follow file changes

# Display specific lines
sed -n '10,20p' filename

Comparación de archivos

# Compare files line by line
diff file1 file2

# Unified diff format
diff -u file1 file2

# Compare directories
diff -r dir1 dir2

# Ignore case differences
diff -i file1 file2

# Side-by-side comparison
diff -y file1 file2

Búsqueda y Filtro de archivos

Búsqueda de contenidos

# Search for pattern in file
grep "pattern" filename

# Case-insensitive search
grep -i "pattern" filename

# Recursive search in directories
grep -r "pattern" /path/

# Show line numbers
grep -n "pattern" filename

# Show only matching filenames
grep -l "pattern" *.txt

# Invert match (show non-matching lines)
grep -v "pattern" filename

# Extended regular expressions
grep -E "pattern1|pattern2" filename

Tipo de archivo e información

# Determine file type
file filename

# Display file statistics
stat filename

# Calculate file checksums
md5sum filename
sha256sum filename

# Count lines, words, characters
wc filename
wc -l filename          # Lines only
wc -w filename          # Words only
wc -c filename          # Characters only

Archivo y Compresión

Crear archivos

# Create tar archive
tar -cf archive.tar files/

# Create compressed tar archive
tar -czf archive.tar.gz files/
tar -cjf archive.tar.bz2 files/

# Create zip archive
zip -r archive.zip files/

Extracting Archives

# Extract tar archive
tar -xf archive.tar

# Extract compressed tar archive
tar -xzf archive.tar.gz
tar -xjf archive.tar.bz2

# Extract to specific directory
tar -xzf archive.tar.gz -C /destination/

# Extract zip archive
unzip archive.zip

Información sobre archivos

# List archive contents
tar -tf archive.tar
tar -tzf archive.tar.gz
unzip -l archive.zip

# Verbose extraction
tar -xvf archive.tar

Disk Usage and Space Management

Comprobación de uso del disco

# Display disk usage by directory
du -h directory/
du -sh directory/       # Summary only
du -ah directory/       # Include files

# Display largest directories
du -h|sort -hr|head -10

# Check filesystem usage
df -h
df -i                   # Inode usage

Encontrar archivos grandes

# Find files larger than size
find / -size +100M
find / -size +1G

# Find largest files in directory
find . -type f -exec ls -lh \\\\{\\\\} \;|sort -k5 -hr|head -10

# Find files by age
find / -mtime +30       # Older than 30 days
find / -atime -7        # Accessed in last 7 days

Supervisión del sistema de archivos

Vigilancia en tiempo real

# Monitor file changes
inotifywait -m /path/to/watch

# Monitor directory recursively
inotifywait -mr /path/to/watch

# Watch file modifications
watch -n 1 'ls -la /path/to/file'

Información del sistema de archivos

# Display mounted filesystems
mount
findmnt

# Show filesystem type
lsblk -f
blkid

# Check filesystem
fsck /dev/device

Solución de problemas

Cuestiones de admisión

# Fix common permission problems
chmod 644 /path/to/files/*
chmod 755 /path/to/directories/

# Reset ownership to user
chown -R $USER:$USER /path/to/directory/

# Find files with specific permissions
find / -perm 777
find / -perm -4000      # Find SUID files

Operaciones de recuperación

# Recover deleted files (if possible)
lsof|grep deleted

# Check for file system errors
dmesg|grep -i error

# Force filesystem check on next boot
touch /forcefsck

Recursos

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*Esta hoja de trampa proporciona comandos integrales de gestión de archivos para sistemas Linux. Siempre prueba comandos en un entorno seguro antes de utilizarlos en sistemas de producción. *